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MANUAL OF POWER 



JTOR 



MACHINES, SHAFTS, AND BELTS. 



WITH THE 



HISTORY OF COTTON MANUFACTURE 



IN THE 



UKITED STATES. 



' SAMUEL WEBBEK, C. E. 



4 

1 






ii±.pljf- 



18T9 



NEW YORK: 
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 

549 AND 551 BEOADWAY. 

1879. 



<~ 






COPYRIGHT BY 

SAMUEL WEBBER. 

1879. 



a,1^ 



TO 

HON. E. A. STEAW, 

PRESIDENT OF THE NEW ENGLAND COTTON MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, 

THIS OOIXEOTION OF TESTS, OOMMENOED AT HIS BEQUEST, 

IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, 

BY THE COMPILEE. 



PEEFACE TO EEYISED EDITIOIST. 



In preparing for tlie press a second and enlarged edition of my 
" Tests of Power," a somewhat more extended preface seems neces- 
sary, in order to explain wliat have appeared to many persons to be 
discrepancies in the first edition, and also to give a short explana- 
tion of the manner in which the results were attained. 

The dynamometer used in the great majority of the tests was 
designed by Hon. E. A. Straw, of Manchester, New Hampshire, on 
the same principle as the one originally invented by Samuel Batch- 
elder, Esq., at Saco, Maine, in the year 1836, but contained the 
modifications of the hydraulic regulator and second transmitting 
shaft, which were added to the original machine by James B. Fran- 
cis, C.E., of Lowell. The principle of the machine may be de- 
scribed as follows : A shaft containing the receiving pulley passes 
through the fulcrum of a steelyard, having fast on it at the end 
next the pulley a bevel gear, which forms one side of a " box or 
compound " gear. On a sleeve at the opposite end of the shaft, 
and revolving freely around it, are fixed another bevel gear of equal 
diameter, forming the opposite side of the " box," and a plain 
gear, which transmits the power to a second shaft parallel with the 
first, and which carries the delivering pulley, which is thus brought 
in the same line of transmission as the receiving pulley. Around 
the steelyard, on either side of the fulcrum, revolve freely two 
other bevel gears, of equal diameter with those mentioned, which 
complete the " box " or " compound," and which transmit the mo- 



VI 

tion from the first shaft to the sleeve, from which it is given to 
the second shaft by a jDair of equal gears. 

If the dynamometer is put in motion without attaching any 
machine to the second shaft, the gears revolve around the steelyard 
without any other resistance than their own friction, and no effect 
is recorded ; but if a belt be carried from the delivering pulley to 
the pulley on any machine, the resistance caused by such machine 
tends to act upon the steelyard in such a manner as to give it a 
motion around its fulcrum. 

This steelyard is made of such length that a weight hung at its 
extremity would describe a circle of 10 feet each revolution, if the 
steelyard were allowed to rotate on its f ulcnim ; and consequently 
the 100 revolutions would move 1,000 feet. 

A set of weights are therefore prepared, which are sufficient to 
hold the steelyard at a level poise when the power is being trans- 
mitted through the dynamometer, and each one pound weight is 
considered to move 1,000 feet in 100 revolutions, or to equal 1,000 
pounds moved one foot. The steelyard is also graduated into inches 
and tenths, and a poise weight prepared, which represents 100 
pounds moved one foot in 100 revolutions, for each inch that it is 
carried out on the steelyard toward its outer end, this poise being 
3.84 pounds in actual weight. The weights representing 1,000 
pounds are also double the actual weight necessary to represent 
that sum, as the steelyard would only make 50 revolutions, if left 
free, while the shaft was making 100. 

The dynamometer, being fastened in position and belted prop- 
erly, is put in motion, the machine to be weighed being driven 
through it ; and the weight necessary to hold the steelyard perfectly 
level while driving the machine is attached to it in the usual man- 
ner. Wlien this balance is properly adjusted, the revolutions of the 
shafts are counted by a clock driven by a worm and gear attached 
to one of them, and the apparent weight hung on the steelyard is 
divided by the number of seconds consumed in making 100 revo- 
lutions. 

Thus if 11,000 pounds be the marking of the weight hung on 
the steelyard, and the time of completing 100 revolutions be 10 



vu 

seconds, the answer to the division is — ^ — ■ = 1,100 pounds lifted 

a foot in one second, or 2-horse power — 550 pounds lifted one foot 
per second being the equivalent of 33,000 pounds lifted one foot 
per minute, the established standard of a horse power. The amount 
of weight necessary to balance the friction of the dynamometer it- 
self, when in revolution at the desired speed, is first ascertained and 
deducted before making such divisions, and will average not far 
from five per cent, of the whole power consumed, but in all cases in 
these tests has been actually ascertained and deducted in each in- 
stance. 

Previous to the commencement of these operations, the dyna- 
mometer was compared with the one designed by Mr. Francis for 
the Locks and Canals Company, of Lowell, with which it was found 
to agree exactly, and was then further verified by over one thou- 
sand tests with a Prony brake, the friction pulley of which was 
attached to the machine in the place of the ordinary delivering pul- 
ley and the arm of the lever loaded with varying weights ; while 
by a series of pulleys the speed of the dynamometer was changed 
from time to time, so as to vary from 200 to 1,000 revolutions per 
minute. 

During all these tests the steelyard of the dynamometer was 
found to record accurately the load placed on the brake-lever, plus 
a certain uniform difference for the friction of the machine, which 
increased in a regular ratio with the velocity, and agreed very close- 
ly with the amount of friction observed by running the dynamom- 
eter without a load, and it was therefore decided to adopt the method 
of deducting the actual observed friction in every test. 

The greater part of the tests in the following tables have been 
taken without any previous preparations of the machines to be 
weighed, the dynamometer having been attached to them as they 
were actually in operation in the mills ; but there are some few 
exceptions which should be noted. 

All the tests at Manchaug in August, 1871, were of compara- 
tively new machinery, which was in the best possible order, and had 
been run just about long enough to get fairly eased in its bearings 5 



VUl 

and the same remarks will apply to the tests at the Manchester 
Print "Works in June, 1872. The tests at Manville, Ehode Island, 
were of a new frame in perfect order, kept thoroughly clean and 
well oiled, but in an unfinished mill, where the atmosphere was 
damp and cool until the last day of the trials, reference to which 
will show that the machinery ran with less power on that day ; and 
the same difference will be noticed in the tests at Mount Yernon 
Mills, Baltimore, as well as the difference caused by the oils used 
for lubrication in the same trials. 

The tests of the Pusey Spindle at Wilmington, Delaware, and 
those of the Sawyer Spindle at the Appleton Mills, Lowell, were 
also made under the most favorable circumstances, as were those of 
the Pearl and Rabbeth Spindles in June, 1873, at the Pacific Mills, 
and those of the Rabbeth in March, 1873, at the Potomska Mills. 
The difference due to cleaning and lubrication will be noticed in 
the tests of spinning September 25-27, 1873, at the Atlantic 
Mills, and of the throstle frame. A, at the Stark Mills in April and 
November, 1871. 

The difference due to the atmosphere is strikingly shown in the 
tests of the same spinning frame, August 7th and 8th, 1872, at the 
Amoskeag Mills. 

The differences due to banding may be seen in many places, but 
in none more strikingly than in the tests at the China Mill in March, 
1875 ; and those caused by tight belts may be seen in the trials at 
the Ocean Mills, June, 1873. 

The matter of banding is one to which it is well worth while to 
call the attention of spinners, as all tension beyond that actually 
required to drive the spindle up to its proper speed causes unneces- 
sary friction in the bearings, and wears out both them and the 
spindles rapidly. 

A band should never be tied on so as to be rigid, but should 
always retain its elasticity ; and the same is tnie in regard to belts ; 
and a little extra attention to these matters is always true economy. 

Geared machines, like drawing, speeders, and fly frames, will not 
of course show these differences ; but with spinning every detail 
must be taken into account to prove a correct conclusion as to the 



IX 

result. It lias also been found impossible to test a single loom 
with absolute correctness, as the dynamometer tended to register the 
extreme power of the heat, particularly if the speed was high. 

It should also be noted that the speed of the mule spindles given 
is the actual number of revolutions per minute, deducting the time 
taken up in " running in " the carriage, and not the velocity of the 
spindle when in operation, and the comparative power of the mules 
and frames is ascertained by the number of yards of yarn per 
spindle per minute, as compared with the foot pounds. 

This in the mule is equal to the length of stretch, multiplied by 
the number of stretches per minute, and in the frames by the 
number of revolutions of the front roll, multiplied by 3.141() or 3^, 
the diameter of the front roll being one inch. 

Taken as a whole, however, the results obtained have agreed 
remarkably with those obtained by the steam-engine indicator, when 
the summary of the dynamometer results was compared with the 
indicator cards of the same mill, after allowing for friction of en- 
gine, or with the calculation of the effect of the Boyden turbine 
in cases where water power was used, particularly in the cases shown 
in the summaries of tests as in mills B and I. 

In two cases "Swain" Wlieels have been put into mills after 
getting the required power by the dynamometer, namely, the 
Whittenton Mills at Taunton, and the Clinton Mills at Woonsocket, 
and in both cases have agreed exactly with the calculations previ- 
ously made. 

It should also be mentioned that in some of the mills tested, 
such as those at Rockport, IS^ewburyport, Gloucester, K. J., Hay- 
densville, Mass., and the Stark Mills at Manchester, 1^. H., much 
or all of the machinery was quite old, and the tests were made to 
ascertain the actual consumption of power, with a view to future 
improvements ; while in the tests previously referred to such im- 
provement had commenced, and the trials were for the purpose of 
demonstrating the prospective saving to be attained. 

Such as the records are they are correct, and any apparent dis- 
crepancies in them are usually explained at once by a full knowl- 
edge of the circumstances. 



It should also be remembered that neither very new nor very 
old machinery can be depended on for a fair average test of the 
power usually required. In the first case there is a loss of power 
from extra friction, in the last from extra gyration. 

Although the greater part of my tests have been confined to 
cotton machinery, there are a sufficient number of trials of woolen, 
worsted, and flax machines to give a fair idea of the usual amount 
of power required to operate them at the usual velocity, together 
with a short list of machine tools and miscellaneous machinery. 
Paper machinery has not been tested, for want of a dynamometer 
of sufficient capacity. 

To the separate tests of machines, I add in this edition the 
summaries of all the machines, with the power required by them, 
in a series of mills on different fabrics, and also tables for shaft- 
ing and belting; the former calculated from the tables of Mr. 
James B. Francis, the latter from various authorities, as well as 
from my own experiments, and at the request of several manu- 
facturers add the English tables of twist for yarn, and roving, and 
for the breaking strength of yarns, together with certain convenient 
rules for calculating drafts and numbers. 

I also add a corrected report of the turbine tests at the Cen- 
tennial Exposition, which contained a number of small errors in the 
official publication, though not enough to invalidate the general 
result. 

The work is completed for the present by a historical sketch of 
the growth and progress of the cotton manufacture in the United 
States, originally prepared for the American Society of Civil En- 
gineers, as part of a centennial record of various American indus- 
tries, but the publication of which has been so long delayed, from 
various causes, that the officers of the Society have consented to its 
publication in this form. 

Manchester, N. H., January, 1879. 



PEEFAOE. 



These tests, undertaken without any view to publication, 
may be found deficient in some points ; but may be depended 
on as correct, as far as they go. 

They give a representation of the power required by cottou- 
machinery, as actually in use, under various circumstances, in a 
large number of mills: some of it new, and in the best run- 
ning order ; some of it very old, and tested with a view to 
ascertain how much power was lost by using it. Part of the 
tests have been made to ascertain the variations due to weather, 
oil, and banding; but the writer believes that the notes will 
explain sufficiently these different points, and trusts that the 
information contained, as to the average power actually used, 
will be of sufficient value to manufacturers to justify their 
publication. 



TABLE OF OOI^TEl^rTS. 



PART I. 



PAGES 
3 



Explanatory Preface 

Power Tests of Cotton Openers and Pickers 12, 56 

" " Cards 16,59 

" " Railway Heads 18,59 

« " Drawing Frames 20, 59 

" " Roving Frames 22, 60 

" " Throstle Spinning 28 

" " Ring Spinning, Common Spindle 30, 62 



Sawyer 

Pearl 

Rabbeth 



34, 66 
36, 68 
36, 70 



Birkenhead " 38, 70 

Excelsior " 38,70 

Perry " 42, 70 

Pusey " 42 

Miscellaneous Spindles 70 

" " Mule Spinning 44,72 

" " Spoolers 48,73 

" " Twisters 48, 72 

" " Warpers 48,73 

" " Dressers 48, 73 

" " Looms 46,74 

" of Miscellaneous Machinery and Tools 49, 78 

«' of Flax Machinery 50, 72 

" ofWool " 50,74 

" of Worsted " 

" of Shafting 

of Mills in full 

Rules and Tables for Shafting 

" " Belting 

Turbine Wheel Tests • - ^^^ 

Roving and Yarn Tables • • • • • ^^^ 



XIV 

PART II. 

CHAPTER I. 

PAOK 

Commencement of Cotton Manufacture by Machinery — Arkwright — Paul— Har- 

greaves — Crompton — Wyatt 1 

CHAPTER II. 

First attempts in the United States — Bridgewater— Beverly — Philadelphia— Rhode 

Island, etc ^ 

CHAPTER III. 
Samuel Slater — Almy and Brown — Eli Whitney — Pliny Earle — ^Amos Whittemore. , 15 

CHAPTER IV. 

1800 to 1812 — Rapid Growth— Pawtucket — Paterson — Watertown — ^New Ipswich, 
N. H. — Samuel Batchelder — Peterborough, N. H. — Amoskeag Falls — General 
Statistics— 1810 21 

CHAPTER V. 

Nathan Appleton — Power Looms — Francis C. Lowell — Patrick T. Jackson — Paul 

Moody— Waltham— The New England System 28 

CHAPTER VI. 

1812 — Beginning at Fall River — Paterson — Ludlow — North Adams — Matteawan — 
William Gilmore — Power Looms — Ira Draper — Rotary Temple — Statistics — 
1820 34 

CHAPTER VII. 

1821 — Origin of Lowell — Kirk Boott — Nathan Appleton — Paul Moody — Francis C. 
Lowell — John D. Prince — Samuel L. Dana — Merrimac Manufacturing Company 
— Hamilton Company — Appleton Company — Samuel Batchelder — First Mill 
driven by main belts by Paul Moody — Nashua — Dover — Chicopee — Tariff of 
1824 — A. & A. Lawrence — Aza Arnold — Equation Box — Saco^Cohoes — Tariff 
of 1828— Danforth's Cap-Spindle 39 

CHAPTER VIII. 

Ring-Spinning — John Thorpe — William Mason — Brewster's Speeder — York Manu- 
facturing Company — Samuel Batchelder — Balance Dynamometer — Cotton Crop 
of 1834 — Boston & Lowell Railroad — Patent OflBce established — Newburyport 
— Amoskeag Company — Stark Mills — E. B. Bigelow — Counterpane Loom — Sta- 
tistics— 1840 47 

CHAPTER IX. 

Self-Acting Mule — Ira Gay — Pitcher & Brown — William Mason — Richard Roberts 
— William C. Davo — Smith Mule — Higgins Mule — Potter Mule — Parr & Curtis 
— Piatt Brothers — Wanton Rouse — English Roving Frames — Higgins & Sons — 



XV 



FA6B 

First Turbine Wheels — Uriah A. Boyden — Lawrence — ^Essex Company — Atlan- 
tic Mills — E. B. Bigelow — Gingham Loom — Increase in si^e of Mills — Produc- 
tion— 1850 52 

CHAPTER X. 

Iladley Falls Company — Holyoke — Lewiston — Rapid Growth to 1857 — Self-Stripping 
Card — George Wellman — Horace Woodman — Bag Loom — Cyrus W. Baldwin — 
Picker Staff — W. W. Dutcher — Railway Evener — D. W. Hayden — George Dra- 
per — Pemberton Mills — Census of 1860 — Progress of Ten Tears 58 

CHAPTER XI. 

The Great Rebellion of 1861 — Prostration of Business — Close of the War — Revival 
of Manufactures, and enormous increase — " Slasher ^^ Dresser Introduced by A. 
D. Lockwood — Improvements in Ring Spindles — Oliver Pearl — Jacob H. Saw- 
yer — George Draper — Richard Garsed — Barton H. Jenks — F. J. Rabbeth — Open- 
ing and Picking — Creighton Willow — Richard Kitson — Whitehead & Atherton 
— Palmer & Jillson — Great Increase at Fall River — New Mills in New England 
and the Southern States 63 

CHAPTER Xn. 

Statistics of 1874 — Calico Printing- Machines in 1876 — Ginghams — Cottonades — Cot- 
ton Duck — Spool-Cotton — Small Wares — Statistics of 1876 — Lowell — Lawrence 
— Manchester — Lewiston — Fall River — Comparative cost of Water and Steam- 
Power — Water- Wheels at the Centennial — Letter of Edward Atkinson to New 
York " Herald " 75 

SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTER. 

The Cotton Manufacture as illustrated at the Centennial Exhibition 89 

APPENDICES. 

A. — Paper by William A. Burke, Esq 95 

B.— Letter of Aza Arnold 102 



12 



TESTS OF POWER.— COTTON-OPENERS, 



Date. 



May, 1871 

" 1872 

" 1871 

(( . " . 

Aug., 1871 
May, 1872 ' 

Nov. 1873 



Place. 



( Amoskeug Mills, / 
I Manches'r, N. H. f 
j MasconometMill, ) 
I Newburyport, ) 
Amoskeag Mills, 

Manchaug Mill, Mass. 
Rockport Mill, " 

(1 u u 

Tremont Mills, 
Lowell, Mass., 



Machdte. 



Double Creighton Willow, 

Single " " 

Van Winkle Opener, 

u a u 

Kitson's ''• Old Pattern," 

u u a 

Kitson's Mixer, 
Whitehe'd & Atherton, ) 
JSTew Mixer. \ 



No. 
Beaters. 



Rev. 
do. 



946 



820 



1 

1 


520 
532 


2 


1,844 


2 
1 

1 
1 


1,400 
750 
700 
700 



POWER OP COTTON-PICKERS. 



Date. 


Place. 


Machine. 


No, 
Beaters. 


Eevolution 
Beaters. 


May, 1871 


Amoskeag Mills, 'i 


36 inch Amoskeag Pattern 


3 


1,507 


(( 


Manchester, N. H. )■ 


u u u 


2 


1,026 


u 


" 1 


Whitin's Pattern,* 


3 


1,617 


June, 1871 


Derry Mills, Manch'r 


Whitin's Lapper, 30 inch. 


2 


2,045 


May, 1872 


Rockport, Mass., 


u 48 " 


3 


1,500 


April, 1873 


3 " Social " Mill, ) 
( Woonsocket, ) 


u u 3Q u 


3 


1,500 


u 


a 


" " 30 " 


3 


2,100 


April, 1872 


Salmon Falls, N. H., 


Piatt's " 36 " 


2 


1,100 


May, 1872 


j Masconoinet, { 
i Newburyport, i 


" " 48 " 


2 


1,016 


(( 


(( 


" " 48 " 


2 


1,066 


Nov., 1873 


Granite Mill, F. Riv'r 


" " 36 " 


2 


1,130 




u 


" " 36 " 


2 


1,130 


Aug., 1871 


Mauchaug, Mass., 


Kitson's " 


2 


1,344 


Jan., 1872 


j Whittenton, ) 
] Taunton, Mass., S 


u u 


2 


1,530 


Nov., 1872 


j Essex Mill, Pat- ) 
( erson, N. J., i" 


u u 


2 


1,066 


Nov., 1873 


Westville, Taunton, 


li li 


2 


1,500 


May, 1873 


j Manchester Print ) 
I Works, f 
\ Weetamoe MiU, ) 
I Fall River, \ 


Kitson's Compound, 


4 


1,500 


it 


" Lapper, 


2 


1,500 


Oct., 1873 


\ Merrimac Manfg. ) 
} Co., Lowell, f 


" Compound, 


4 


1,600 


(I 


u 


u u 


4 


1,600 


(( 


u 


u u 


3 


1,600 



Note.— Ft. lbs., in all c«ses in this book, refers to lbs. lifted 1 ft. cer eecond. 550 of which = 1. H. P 
* Built at Amoskeag Shop. 



13 



DELIVERING COTTON LOOSE ON FLOOR. 



No. 


Rev. 


Pans. 


do. 


1 


1,420 


1 


1,183 


1 


1,155 


1 


1,360 


2 


i 1,456 


\ 1,620 


2 


1,600 


1 


750 


1 


700 


1 


700 



Lbs. Cott'n 
per Day. 



5,000 

3,000 

2,000 
3,000 

3,200 

3,000 

3,000 

8,330 

10,900 



Ft. Lbs. 
per sec. 



6,868 

2,971 

891 
1,149 

3,298 

3,151 

697 

3,490 

3,679 



Horse- 
Power. 



12.488 

5.402 

1.620 
2.090 

5.996 

5.730 
1.258 
6.345 
6.689 



Kemabks. 



Counter-shaft included \ F^^,^^\ 
I 8.024 H. P. 



Cotton blown through long dust-box. 

" previously opened in mixer " 
" delivered to last machine. 



DELIVERING COTTON IN LAP. 



No. 

Paus. 


Ke volution 
Fans. 


Lbs. Cott'n 
per Day. 


Wt.Lap 
per Yd. 


Ft. Lbs. 
per Sec. 


Horse- 
Power. 


Rbmaeks. 


3 


2. 

1. 

2. 
1. 

1 

1 


1,822 
1,200 
1,560 
2,000 
870 

1,600 

1,354 

1,421 
1,507 
1,507 
1,456 

1,668 

1,177 

1,500 
1,500 
2,000 

1,500 

1,600 

2,100 

a 

1,600 
2,100 


1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
600 
1,500 

1,266 

2,000 
2,000 

3,300 




2,670 
1,676 
1,622 
1,387 
2,769 

3,487 

2,703 
2,486 

2,667 

2,511 
3,237 
3,441 
2,080 

2,514 

1,867 
2,830 
6,025 

8,045 

6,807 
5,795 
3,897 


4.860 
3.048 
2.950 
2.395 
5.034 

6.340 

4.914 
4.520 

4.848 

4.566 
5.886 
6.256 
3.776 

4.571 

3.394 

5.145 

10.954 

5.536 

12.360 

10.530 

7.086 


IstPi 

2d 

2d 

Ist 

2d 

let 

2d 

1st 

Ist 

2d 
Ist 
2d 

Ist 

2d 

2d 
2d 
1st 
2d 

1st 
let 
Ist 


cker. 2 Beat's & Fans=2,024=3.68 


2 
1 




" without Feed-motion =2.487 
" " " —2.252 


1 
1 






9, 




" & Hayden Trunk & Dust-box. 


1 




u 


2 






2 




' without Peed =3.584 


2 






2 
2 


lOi 


oz. 


' without Feed =3.885 


2 




' without Feed =2.976 


2 




„ 


2 




" with Evener. 


2 
2 
3 


11 
8 

12 

11 


oz. 
oz. 

oz. 

oz. 


" with Evener. 

' on previously-opened Cotton. 
' same Machine without Cotton. 


H 




' " 1 Beater and Fan stopped 







14 



COTTON OPENERS AND LAPPERS. 



Date. 



Oct., 1873 



Nov., 1873 



May, 1873 
u 

Nov., 1873 

Jan., 1874 
(( 

Feb., 1874 



Place. 



j Merrimac Mnfg. ) 
\ Co., Lowell, f 



Kitson's Compound, 



j Tremont Mills, j. 
) Lowell, ) 



Great Falls, K H., 

u 

j WestvUle Mill, j. 
1 Taunton, ) 

j Clipper Mill, Bal- } 
( timore, Md. ) 

j Jackson Co. Mills, [ 
] Nashua, ) 



Machine. 



No. 
Beaters. 



2d Lapper, 



Compound 



Revolution 
Beaters. 



C "Whitehead & Atherton 1 
1 Whipper Lapper, I 



Mar., 1874' 



Boott Mills, Lowell, 

ittenton ] 
Taunton, 



Whittenton Mills, ) 



( "Whitehead & Atherton ) 

i Old 1st Lapper, j 

2d " 

Kitson Lapper, 



Whitehead & Atherton, 
Kitson Compound, 

Kitson Compound, ) 

New Style, with 2 > 

" Broken " Beaters, ) 

Kitson Compound, Old ) 

Style, ) 

' Same Machine, 1st pair ' 
Beaters removed, and 
1,24 in. Whipper Cyl- 
inder substituted by 
Whitehead & Ather- 
ton, 1,000 rev. p. min. 
1.24 inch "Broken" 
Beater substituted for 
Whipper, by Kitson, 



1,600 

1,600 

1,380 

1,380 

1,380 
1,700 
1,700 
1,550 
1,550 
1,400 
1,400 

1,380 

1,500 
1,500 
1,300 
1,300 
1,300 
1,300 

1. 1,200 

2. 1,500 
1,500 

1,500 

1,380 

1,380 

1,380 

1,380 
1. 700 

1. 950 

2. 1,380 

1,390 



1. 1,000 

2. 1,390 



1. 1,000 

2. 1,390 



15 



COTTON IjAPPURS— {Continued). 



Revolution 
Fans. 



Lbs. Cott'n 
per Day. 



2. 1,600 

1. 2,100 

2. 1,600 

1. 2,100 

2. 1,380 

1. 1,850 

2. 1,380 

1. 1,850 

2. 1,380 

1. 1,850 
1,700 
1,700 
1,550 
1,550 
1,400 
1,400 

1,380 

1,500 
1,500 
1,800 
1,300 
1,300 
1,300 

2. 1,500 
1. 2,000 

1,500 

1,500 



1,380 
1,380 
1,380 
1,880 

1. 1,730 

2. 1,380 

1,390 



1. 1,000 

2. 1,390 



1. 1,000 
2.. 1,390 



Wt.Lap 
per Yd. 



5,000 
5,000 
3,000 

4,500 
2,250 

2", 300 

IJ756 

4,200 
3,540 

3,260 
3,600 
4,080 



2,000 

3,930 
3,600 
3,840 

4,800 
3,300 



3,350 
4,420 



3,300 



Ft. Lbs. 
per Sec. 



191- OZ. 
19i OZ. 

II OZ. 

18 OZ. 
8J0Z. 

loi OZ. 

8^02. 

12| OZ, 

III OZ. 

13 OZ. 
131 OZ 
14J0Z 



Horse- 
Power. 



12 


OZ. 


8 


OZ. 


11 


OZ. 


16 


OZ. 


12 


OZ. 


13 


OZ, 


14 


OZ. 


15 


OZ. 


15" 


OZ. 


191 


OZ. 


15' 


OZ. 



7,333 
7,414 
4,815 
3,889 

5,864 

3,744 
2,615 
2,923 
2,141 
2,410 
1,667 

8,871 

8,518 
7,106 
4,482 
4,623 
4,448 
3,918 

5,116 

3,687 

2,830 

4,383 
5,883 
5,674 
4,590 

4,525 

3,282 

8,142 
5,047 



3,906 
6,308 
5,000 



8,691 
6,588 



18.33 
13.48 

8.75 
7.07 

10.66 

6.80 

4.755 

5.315 

3.891 

4.382 

3.080 

16.128 

15,487 
12.92 
8.15 
8.407 
8.085 
7.123 

9.300 

6.70 

5.145 

7.969 
10.607 
10.818 

8.346 

8.228 
5,950 

14,805 
9.177 



7.102 

11.505 

9.091 



6.711 
11.978 



Bemabks. 



let Trial, a. m., Heavy Lap. 
2d " P. M., ." 

Speed reduced. 

" without Cotton passing. 

Speed same, Lap increased. 

" regular, following last machine. 

" " without Cotton. 

" reduced, Lap heavier. 

" " without Cotton. 

" further reduced. 

" ", " without Cotton, 

2 Trials on Cotton from Bale. 

1 Trial " 

1 Trial without Cotton " 

Taken as running " 



Without Cotton. 

Opened Cotton, 1 Scratcher, 2 Beaters. 

Following last Machine. 

2d Picker. 

1st Picker, working Cotton from Bale, 



without Cotton. 

' working Cotton from Bale, 

• without Cotton. 

Work'g Bl'k Cotton, dyed after Card'g. 
Without Cotton, 



Work'g Black Cotton, as at above test 
Working White Cotton from Bale. 



Without Cotton. 

Working Dyed Cotton, as before. 



16 



COTTON CARDS. 



Date. 



June, 1871 

ii 
Aug., 1871 

u 

Jan., 1872 



Mar., 1872 
April, 1872 

May, 1872 



Juae, 1872 

Nov., 1872 
Apr., 1873 

May, 1873 
Nov., 1873 

June, 1873 



Sept., 1873 



Nov., 1873 



Place. 



j Derry Mills, Man- ) 
I Chester, N. H., ) 
\ Amoskeag Mills, [ 
} Manches'r, N. H., ) 
Mauchaug, Mass., 

Whlttenton, Taunton, 



Haydeusville, Mass., 
Salmon Falls, N. H., 

a a 

Rockport, Mass., 

Masconomet Mill, 
Newburyport, Mass., 
j Manchester Print } 
I Works, N. H., f 
j Essex Mill, Pat- ) 
{ erson, N. J., ) 
Clinton Mill, 
Woonsocket, Mass., 
Weetamoe, F. River, 
Granite, " 

j Ocean Mill, New- [ 
] buryport, f 



Atlantic Mills, 
Lawrence, Mass., 



Westville, Taunton, 



Description. 



Hand-Stripper, 

Self-Stripper, 

Saco W. P. Co. " Breaker, 
" " Finisher, 

Mason's Breaker, 

" Self-Stripper, Finisher, 
" " Breaker, 

" " Single, 

Whitln's Self-Stripper, 

Saco W. P. Co. " Breaker, 
" " Finisher, 

Whitin's Breaker, 

SacoW. P. Co. S. S. Finsh'r, 

Mason's Breaker, 

Saco W. P. Co. Finisher, 



Howard & Bullough, 

Mason's Cylinder, Wood, 
Iron, 
J. Pettee, Single, 
Davol & Co., 

Saco W. P. Co. Self-Strip'r, 



Lowell Ma. Shop, 



Mason, 





> 


30 


116 


36 


110 


36 


128 


36 


128 


30 


127 


36 


120 


36 


120 


36 


120 


36 


120 


36 


125 


36 


125 


48 


137 


36 


123 


24 


133 


36 


127 


36 


120 


36 


115 


30 


130 


30 


132 


36 


120 


36 


136 


36 


125 


36 


125 


36 


125 


36 


130 


36 


130 


36 


130 


36 


130 


36 


130 


36 


156 



Lb. Cot. 
per Day. 



30 

36 

40 
40 



27 
76 



65 
65 
65 
65 
45 
36 



COTTON CARDS— (Coniinued). 



17 



Ft. Lbs 
per Sec. 



44.85 

78.92 

46.92 

70.77 

98. 

62. 

80. 

80. 

70. 

50.58 

50.58 
201.36 

85. 
105. 
147. 

40. 

280. 

158. 
113.21 
120. 
92. 

63.57 

66.07 

65. 
150. 
143.75 
139.13 
125.22 

82.92 

76.74 



Horse- 


No. per 


H. P. of 


Total 


Cards 


Power. 


Railw'y. 


Railw'y- 


H. P. 


perH.P. 


.081^ 


10 


0.585 


1.40 


7.14 


.144 


11 


0.645 


2.229 


5. 


.085 


52 


1.437 


5.857 


8.88 


.129 


13 


.530 


2.207 


5.89 


.178 


28 


.806 


5.790 


4.83 


.112 


10 


.361 


1.481 


6.75 


.145 


22 


l.Olfi 


4.206 


5.23 


.145 


11 


.380 


1.975 


5.57 


.126 


9 


.253 


1.387 


6.47 


.093 


64 


1.020 


6.972 


9.18 


.093 


16 


.233 


1.721 


8.26 


.366 


48 


1.794 


5.088 


2.48 


.155 


12 


.361 


2.221 


5.40 


.191 


68 


2.539 


15.527 


4.40 


.268 


11 


.512 


3.460 


3.18 


.073 


12 


.601 


1.477 


8.12 


.527 








1.90 


.288 


24 


.247 


7.159 


3.35 


.206 


12 


.507 


2.979 


4.03 


.218 


12 


*.667 


3.283 


3.66 


.167 


15 


.689 


3.194 


4.70 


.116 


10 


.430 


1.590 


6.29 


.120 


82 


1.535 


5.375 


6. 


.118 


8 


.354 


1.298 


6.16 


.273 


60 


2.267 


18.647 


3.28 


.261 


60 


2.267 


17.927 


3.35 


.253 


9 


.906 


3.183 


2.83 


.228 


9 


.906 


2.958 


3.04 


.151 


9 


.906 


2.265 


3.97 


.139* 


11 


.803 


2.337 


4.71 



Beharks. 



single Carding for Hosiery, old. 

" " " Tickings. 

2 Tests, Doable Carding for fine Cambrica. 

Hand-Stripper, very old. 



Single Carding. 
Double " 

Hand-Stripper, old. 
Self 

Hand-Stripper, Old. 
Self 



Single Card, Coiler, 8 W'kers & Strip'ra , 

Hand-Stripper, Breaker, old. 
Self " , Finisher, " 



Single Carding. 

Breaker. 
Finisher. 
Breaker. 

Finisher. 



Single Carding. 



* Estimated. 



18 



RAUiW AY-HEADS FOR CARDS. 



Date. 

June, 1871 

August, 1871 
January, 1872 

May, " 



June, 
April, 
June, 
September, 

June, 



August, 

January, 

March, 

u 

May, 

u 

June, 
April, 
June, 

September, 
November, 



1873 



1871 



1872 



1873 



Amoskeag Mills, N. H., 
Mancbaug Mills, Mass., 
Wbittenton Mills, Mass., 

Salmon Falls, N. H., 
Eockport, Mass., 

Masconoraet, Newburyport, Mass. 
Manchester Print Works, N. H., 
Clinton Mill, Woonsocket, E. I., 
Ocean Mill, Newburyport, Mass., 
Atlantic Mill, Lawrence, Mass., 

Derry Mill, Manchester, N. H., 
Amoskeag Mills, Manchester, N. H., 

u u u a 

Manchaug Mills, Mass., 
Whittenton, Taunton, Mass., 
Haydensville, Mass., 
Salmon Falls, K H., 
Eockport, Mass., 

Masconomet, Newburyport, Mass., 
Manchester Print "Works, N. H., 
Clinton Mill, Woonsocket, E. I., 
Ocean Mill, Newburypoi't, Mass., 

(( U U li 

Atlantic, Lawrence, Mass., 
Granite, Fall Eiver, Mass., 
Westville, Taunton, " 



Descbiption. 



Breaker, Lap-Head, 



Finisher Eailway, 



19 



RAILWAY-HEADS FOR CARDS. 



No. of Cards. 


Diameter of Roll. 


Velocity of Roll. 


Ft. lb. per Sec. 


Horse-Power. 


32 


9 inches. 


10 yds. per min. 


678. 


1.051 


52 




9.42 


a 




790. 


1.437 


28 




10. 






443. 


.806 


22 




10. 






559. 


1.016 


64 




7.33 






560. 


1.020 


48, 48in 




10, 






987. 


1.794 


68, 24in 




11. 






1396. 


2.539 


36 




10. 




I 


519. 


.944 


24 


Can. 


11.66 






135.76 


.247 


32 


9 inches. 


12. 






844. 


1.555 


60 


5 inches. 


14.5 




( 


1247. 


2.267 


10 


li inches. 


320 revolutions. 


321. 


.585 


11 




400 " 


395. 


.716 


11 




378 " 


361. 


.656 


13 




290 " 


291.46 


.530 


10 




302 " 


188. 


.361 


9 




220 " 


139. 


.253 


8 




230 " 


128. 


.233 


12 




200 " 


198.38 


.361 


11 




360 " 


282. 


.512 


12 




282 " 


336. 


.601 


12 




394 " 


278.57 


.507 


10 




200 " 


236.36 


.430 


8 




200 " 


194.44 


.354 


9 




365 " 


498. 


.906 


15 




412 " 


379.17 


.689 


11 




306 " 


310. 


.564 


11 




312 " 


441.51 


.803 



20 



DRAWINCS-FRAMES.— COTTON 



Date. 


Place. 




Maker. 


June, 


1871 


Derry Mills, Manchester, K 


H„ 


Unknown, 


u 


n 


Amoskeag Mills, Amoskeag, 


u 


Amoskeag Co., 1st, 


u 


u 


a (I u 


u 


" 2d, 


July, 


u 


Langdon Mills, 




Whitin, 


August, 


u 


Manchaug Mills, Mass., 




Saco W. P. Co., 1st, 


u 


u 


U U (( 




" 2d, 


January, 


1872 


Whittenton, Taunton, Mass. 




Mason, 


u 


u 


U (( (( 




(( 


u 


u 


11 u u 




(( 


March, 


u 


Haydensville, Mass., 




Whitin, 


April, 


(( 


Salmon Falls, N. H., 




Saco W. P. Co. 


May, 


u 


Eockport, Mass., 




Mason, 


(( 


u 


Masconomet, Newburyport, 


Mass., 


" 1st, 


(( 


a 


u u 




" 2d, 


June, 


u 


Manchester Print Works, N. 


H., 


Saco W. P. Co. 1st, 


u 


u 


a u u 


u 


2d, 


November, 


u 


Essex, Paterson, N. J., 




Howard & Bullough, 


April, 


1873 


Clinton, Woonsocket, E. I., 

u a u 
u u u 




Whitin, 1st, 

2d, 

" 3d, 


May, 


u 


Weetamoe, Fall Eiver, Masj- 

u u u 


•1 


Whitin, 1st, 
2d, 


June, 




Ocean, Newburyport, " 




Higgins, 1st, 


n 




(( u 




" 2d, 


November, 




Granite, Fall Eiver, " 




Whitin, 1st, 


(( 




u u 




2d, 


(( 




Westville, Taunton, " 

U U «( 




Mason, 1st, 

" 2d, 



21 



DRAWING-FRAMES COTTON. 



No. 
Rolls. 


Rev. 
per min. 


Doublings. 


Draft. 


From 


To 


No. De 
liveries 


Ft. Lb. pel 
Delivery. 


H.P. pe 

Delivery 


• H.P. 

. Frame. 


3 


310 


2 


4.50 






6 


46.20 


.084 


.506 


4 


240 


2 


3. 


97.g. 


V4.g 


8 


39.4 


.072 


.573 


4 


240 


4 


3,50 


74. 


80. 


8 


40.7 


.074 


.591 


4 


221 


2 


4. 


79. 


40. 


6 


62.8 


.096 


.580 


5 


226 


3 


4.07 


115. 


87. 


6 


60.5 


.110 


.662 


5 


226 


3 


4.30 


87. 


66. 


8 


57.75 


.105 


.842 


3 


400 


2 


5. 


62.5 


12.5 


10 


47.4 


.086 


.860 


4 


340 


2 









4 


105. 


.190 


,762 


4 


155 


3 


3.50 






6 


66.6 


.121 


.727 


4 


220 


4 








4 


65. 


.119 


.474 


5 


196 


3 


3.34 


109. 


38. 


8 


45,5 


.083 


,662 


4 


202 


4 


.... 






8 


42.73 


.078 


.621 


5 


258 


3 


4.83 


123. 


r5. 


6 


79.40 


.144 


.866 


5 


296 


3 


4.68 


75. ^ 


t8. 


8 


75. 


.136 


1.091 


5 


184 


3 


3.33 






12 


72.4 


.132 


1.580 




240 


3 


3.75 






12 


80.3 


.146 


1.753 


4 


338 


8 









6 


74.72 


.136 


.815 


4 


381 


4 










6 


104.36 


.190 


1.138 


4 


361 


4 










8 


113.75 


.207 


1.655 


4 


380 


2 










20 


53.27 


.097 


1.937 


4 


220 


3 










6 


72. 


,131 


.784 


4 


210 


2 










12 


42.65 


,078 


.930 


4 


220 


3 










12 


46.38 


.086 


1.012 


4 


220 


3 










16 


38. 


.068 


1.091 


4 


238 


3 


4. 


136. 10 


2. 


8 


63.5 


.115 


.924 


4 


238 


3 


4.61 


102. 7 


6.5 


12 


59.4 


.108 


1.296 


4 


312 


3 


4.50 


135. 9 


0. 


4 


73.21 


.134 


,534 


4 


415 


3 


4.50 


90. 5 


5. 


4 


89.12 


.162 


,648 



22 



DEAD-SPINDLE ROVING-FRAMES. 



Date. 


Place. 


Description. 


Size of 
Bobbin. 


No. 
Spin. 


Rev. 
Spin. 


April, 1871 


Stark Mills, 


Lowell Speeder, 


10^x5' 


28 


720 


(( u 


Manchester, N. H., 


U it 


8 x4 


52 


904 


(( u 


u u 


U 1( 


u 


64 


830 


June, " 


Amoskeag Mills, 


" " built 


12 X 6 


30 


501 


U li 


Manchester, 


by Amoskeag Co., 


10 X 5 


40 


601 


u u 


a 


u 


u 


40 


575 


u u 


u 


(( 


8x4 


46 


887 


(( u 


a 


a 


u 


64 


782 


(( a 


a 


(( 


u 


64 


906 


Mar., 1872 


Haydensville, 


Brown Speeder, 


9 X 45 


30 




u u 


u 


u u 


7x3^ 


44 




" 1873 


Am. Linen Co., F. River, 


u u 


u 


78 


1277 


Nov., " 


Westville, Taunton, 


(( u 




60 


962 


Mar., 1872 


Haydensville, 


Pettee, "Soft Bobbin," 


u 


40 





ROVING-FRAMES. 



Date. 


Place. 


Description. 


Size of 
Bobbin. 


No. 
Spin. 

48 


Rev. 
Spin. 


Aug., 1871 


Manchaug, Mass., 


SacoW. p. Co. Slubber 


12x6 


590 


Sept., " 


Wauregan, Conn., 


u u 




52 


540 


u u 


u u 


Higgins & Sons' " 




40 


475 


April, 1872 


Salmon Falls, N. H., 
Masconomet, Newbury- 


u a 




56 


530 


May, " 


port, Mass., 


Saco W. P. Co. " 




60 


543 


June, " 


Manchester P. Works, 


u a 




44 


360 


Mar., 1873 


Am. Linen Co., F. River, 


Higgins & Sons' " 




64 


606 


u a 


u u u 


(( u 




60 


515 


u u 


u u u 


Walker & Hacking " 




64 


543 


April, " 


Mannville, R. L, 


Prov. Mach. Co. " 




68 


648 


May, " 


Weetamoe, Fall River, 


Curtis, Parr & Co. " 




48 


550 


June, " 


i Ocean, Newbury- [ 


Higgins & Sons' " 




48 


560 


u u 


I port, Mass., ) 


u a 




68 


560 


Nov., " 


j Granite Mills, ^ 
( Fall River, Mass., J 


Howa'd &Bullough" 




48 


630 


(( u 


^l ^l 




56 


630 



23 



DE AD-SPINDLE ROVING-FRAMES. 



Diam. of 
Koll. 


Rev. 
Roll. 


Draft. 


From 


To 


Ft. Lb. 
Frame. 


Ft. Lb. 
Spindle. 


H.P. 

Frame. 


Spindl's 
H.P. 


Remakks. 


li 


175 


4. 


72.gr. 


18.3g. 


465 


16.6 


.845 


33.67 


Average half-fhll 


1* 


162 


6. 


18.3 


5.i 


597 


11.49 


1.086 


47.88 


Bobbin. 


u 


149 


6. 


18.3 


5.i 


626 


9.78 


1.138 


56.24 




n 


178 


3.50 


80. 


25. 


461 


15.36 


.838 


35.80 




h% 


170 


4. 


25. 


12.50 


522 


13.05 


.949 


41.15 




a 


159 


4.24 


75. 


17.70 


554 


13.85 


1.007 


39.72 




n 


180 


5.78 


17.70 


1.38li 


682 


14.83 


1.240 


37.10 




u 


126 


6.04 


12.50 


2. hk. 


563 


9.06 


1.023 


62.56 




u 


144 


6.04 


12.50 


2.1ik. 


670 


10.47 


1.218 


52.54 




1* 










585 


19.50 


1.064 


28.20 




H 










1,037 


23.58 


1.887 


23.32 




u 


125 


6.60 


i.25hk 


4.13 h 


859 


11.01 


1.561 


50. 




u 


175 


6.50 


55.gr. 


0.95 h 


830 


13.63 


1.509 


40. 




(( 










500 


12.50 


.910 


44. 





ROVING-FRAMES. 



Diam. ol 
Roll. 


Rev. 
Roll. 


Draft. 


From 


To 


Ft. Lb. 
Frame. 


Ft. Lb. 
Spindle. 


H.P. 

Frame. 


Spindl's 
H.P. 


Remarks. 


H 


152 


5.63 


66.gr. 


0.52 h 


739 


15.39 


1.343 


35. 


Average half full. 


u 


135 


4.79 


72.85 


15.21 g 


684 


13.15 


1.244 


41.8 




u 


125 


4.48 


60. 


13. 


521.20 


13.03 


.948 


42.13 


.. 


(( 


142 


4.72 


85. 


18. 


692. 


12.36 


1.259 


44.4 


" New Frame, 


u 


183 


3.80 


47.9 


0.56 h 


796.5 


13.27 


1.448 


41.4 


u 


u 


92 


4.03 


0.13hk 


0.53 h 


357 


8.12 


.650 


68. 


" 


(( 


212 






0.43 


1220 


19.06 


2.217 


28.75 


"Old Frame. 


it 


180 






0.52 


1154 


19.24 


2.100 


28. 




it 


190 






0.49 


778.88 


12.16 


1.419 


45. 


11 


u 


107 


4. 


6.14 


0.55 


621 


9.13 


1.129 


60. 


jj 


(( 


156 
150 








738.5 
454 


15.38 
9.44 


.738.5 
.824 


35.76 

58.25 




n 


4.17 


0.12 


0.50 


,1 


u 


150 


4.17 


0.12 


0.50 


827 


12.16 


1.503 


45.50 


>i 


n 


174 


4.53 


76.5gr. 


0.39 


725 


15.11 


1.318 


36.42 


t> 


u 


174 


4.53 


76.5gr. 


0.39 


862 


15.51 


1.567 


35.75 


" 



24 



ROVING-FRAMES.— ( Continued.) 



Date. 



July, 1871 
Aug., " 

(I u 

Sept., " 
Jan., 1872 

u u 

April, " 
Nov., " 

Dec, " 
Jan., 1873 
April, " 

u u 

May, " 
June, " 

Nov., *' 
May, 1872 



Place. 



Langdon Mills, N. H. 
Manchaug Mills, Mass. 

u a u 

Wauregan, Conn., 
( Whittenton Mills, 
i Taunton, Mass. 
Salmon Falls, N. H., 
Essex, Paterson, N. J., 

u u u 

Wash'gton, Gloster,]Sr. J., 
Potomska, N. Bedford, 
Manville, R. I., 
Social, Woonsocket, R. I. 
"Weetamoe, Fall River, 
j Ocean Mills, New- 
I buryport, Mass., 
Granite, Fall River, 
Rockport, Mass., 



Description. 



Prov. Ma. Co. Slubber, 
Saco W. P. Co. Inter., 
City M. Co. Slubber, 
Higgins & Sons " 
Wm. Mason " 

Higgins & Sons Inter., 
How'd & BuU'h Slub., 
Saco W. P. Co. " 
Higgins & Sons " 
City Ma. Co. 
Prov. Ma. Co, 1st In., 
City Ma. Co. Slubber, 
Curtis, Parr & Co. In., 
Higgins & Sons In- [ 
terraediates. ) 
How'd & Bull'h Inter., 
Prov. Ma. Co. Slubber, 



Size of 


No. 


Rev. 


Bobbin. 


Spin. 
48 


Spin. 


10x5 


615 




80 


736 




88 


720 




52 


509 




56 


670 




64 


634 




88 


630 




80 


564 




60 


525 




76 


750 




52 


450 




80 


769 




80 


714 




68 


650 




64 


780 




88 


780 




66 


694 




60 


477 



ROVING-FRAMES. 



Date. 


Place. 


Description. 


Size of 
Bobbin. 


No. 
Spin. 

84 


Rev. 
Spin. 


Julv, 1871 


Amoskeag, Manchester, 


Prov. Ma. Co. Interm., 


9x4^ 


815 


u u 


Langdon, " 


U 1( 


; 




80 


773 


Sept., " 


Wauregan, Conn., 


Higgins & Sons " 


1 




96 


575 


Jan., 1872 


"Whittenton, Taunton, 


Mason " 


( 




72 


676 


May, " 


Rockport, Mass., 


Prov. Ma. Co. " 


1 




72 


588 


u u 


U (( 


Saco W. P. Co. " 


( 




84 


604 


u u 


Masconomet, Mass., 


Prov. Ma. Co. " 


I 




80 


630 


June, " 


Manchester P. W., N. H. 


SacoW.P.Co.lst" 


I 




73 


550 


Nov., " 


Essex, Paterson, N. J., 


How'd & Bull'h " 


1 




100 


562 


Mar., 1873 


S Am. Linen Co., Fall 


Higgins & Sons " 


( 




72 


730 


11 u 


\ River, Mass., 


Walker & Hacking" 


1 




72 


781 


April, " 


Clinton, Woonsocket, 


Higgins & Sons Slub., 


( 




72 


530 


Nov., " 


j Westville, Taunton, 
\ Mass., 


Prov. Ma. Co. " 


( 




80 


880 


u u 


a u 


( 




80 


576 


Sept., 1871 


Wauregan, Conn., 


Higgins & Sons Inter., 


8x4 


80 


709 


Dec, 1872 


Washington, N. J., 


u u 


u 


96 


900 


Jan., 1873 


Potomska, N. Bedford, 


City Mach. Co. " 


u 


104 


575 


April, " 


Manville, R. I., 


Prov. Ma. Co. 2d " 


(C 


136 


952 



25 



ROVING-FRAMES.— ( Continued.) 



Diain. of 
Roll 



li 



"ii" 



li 



li 



Rev. 
Roll. 



138 
133 
216 
130 
120 
173 
112 
176 
101 
200 
130 
95 
120 
140 
130 
130 
124 
145 



Draft. 



4. 

5.03 

4.03 

4.03 

4.80 

4.50 

5.14 

6. 

6. 



4. 

4.2 

5.41 

5.30 

5.30 

5.30 

6.20 

4.90 



From 



39.77g 
0.521i 

T.ig 

iai.'g.' 
is.g." 

70.25 
50.ff. 



0.13h 
0.55 

6.50" 
0.50 
0.50 
0.39 



To 



0.84h 

1.25 

0.54 

0.66 

0.69 
1.00 



0.55 
1.30 

1.32 
1.32 
1.32 
1.21 



Ft. Lb. 
Frame. 



434. 

676. 
1550 

554. 

747. 

925. 

600. 

879. 

470.6 
1650 

446. 

577. 

848. 

939. 
483.76 

996. 

780. 

469. 



Ft. Lb. 
Spindle. 



9.04 

8.98 
17.62 
10.66 
13.33 
14.45 

6.82 
10.99 

7.84 
22.71 

8.58 

7.21 
10.60 
13.81 

7.56 
11.32 
11.82 

7.81 



H. P. 

Frame. 



.789 
1.300 
2.819 
1.008 
1.358 
1.682 
1.091 
1.595 

.856 
3.000 

.811 
1.049 
1.541 
1.707 

.878 
1.811 
1.418 

.853 



Spindl's 
H. P. 



60.86 

62. 

31,21 

51,67 

41.26 

38.05 

80.66 

50. 

70. 

25.30 

64. 

76. 

52. 

40. 

73. 

48.5 

46.5 

70. 



Remarks. 



Half-fall Bobbin. 



New Frame 
just started. 



ROVING-FRAMES.— { Continued.) 



Diam. of 
Roll. 


Rev. 
Roll. 


Draft. 


From 


To 


Ft. Lb. 
Frame. 


Ft. Lb. 
Spindle. 


H. P. 

Frame. 


Spindl's 
H. P. 


Remarks. 


li 


140 


5.25 


0.47 h 


1.251i 


575 


6.84 


1.045 


80.58 


Half-fall Bobbin. 


u 


118 


4.50 


0.84 


1.88 


681 


8.51 


1.238 


64.62 


" ' 




(( 


93 


5.07 


13.g. 


1.50 


723 


7.53 


1.314 


73.06 






(1 


120 








814 


11.30 


1.480 


48.65 






a 


100 


5.20 






475 


6.60 


.863 


83. 






(( 


108 


5.20 






507 


6.04 


.924 


91. 






u 


100 


5.27 


0.56 


1.49 


537 


6.72 


.977 


82. 






u 


110 


5.03 


0.53 


1.30 


417 


5.79 


.758 


95. 






li 


107 


4.20 


0.69 


1.45 


781 


7.80 


1.420 


70. 






li 


138 


5.50 


0.43 


1.20 


911 


12.05 


1.656 


43.5 






.1 


140 


5. 


0.49 


1.26 


858 


11.92 


1.561 


46. 






u 


118 


4.80 




1.14 


326 


4.59 


.593 


120. 


" Centrifugal 


u 


174 


6.50 


55.g. 


9.95 


937 


11.14 


1.705 


47. 


" Presser. 


u 


141 


3.76 


55.g. 


0.55 


833 


9.47 


1.585 


58. 




li 


125 


5.67 


0.85 


2.33 


539 


6.74 


.981 


81.5 




(( 


180 








1,175 


12.24 


2.137 


45. 




li 


118 


6.18 


6.55 


1.39 


573 


5.51 


1.042 


100. 




u 


100 


5. 


1.30 


3.27 


885 


6.53 


1.610 


84. 





26 



ROVING-FRAMES.— ( Cm/hmed.) 



Date. 


Place. 


Description. 


Size of 
Bobbin. 


No. 
Spin. 


Rev. 

Spin. 


July, 1871 


j Langdon Mills, Man- ) 
I Chester, N. H. ) 


j Prov. Machine Co. } 
( Fine F. Frame, f 


7x3i 


144 


934 


Aug., " 


Manchaug, Mass., 


Saco W. P. Co. 2d In., 


u 


136 


968 


u a 


u ^ a 


" Fine F. Frame, 


u 


136 


979 


Sept., " 


Wauregan, Conn., 


a u 


u 


128 


993 


u u 


u u 


Higgins & Sons " 


u 


128 


993 


Jan., 1872 


Whittenton Mills, 


Wm. Mason " 


u 


112 


779 


u u 


Taunton, Mass., 


u a 


(( 


128 


935 


H (( 


u u 


u u 


(( 


112 


935 


u u 


u u 


a u 


u 


136 


861 


April, " 


Salmon Falls, N. H., 


Higgins & Sons " 


1( 


152 


1060 


May, " 


Rockport, Mass., 


Saco W. P. Co., " 


u 


128 


904 


June, " 


Manchester P. W., N. H. 


" 2d Interme., 


u 


144 


1000 


Nov., " 


Bssex, Paterson, N. J. 


How'd&Bull.F.F.F. 


(( 


144 


873 


u a 


a u a 


Saco W. P. Co. " 


a 


144 


775 


Dec, " 


Wasli'gton, Gloucst.jN.J. 


Higgins & Sons " 


7x3 


140 


1350 


Mar., 1873 


Am. Linen Co., F. River, 


u u 


7x3i 


144 


1305 


April, " 


j Clinton Mill, Woon- ) 
( socket, Mass., J 


u u 


(1 


120 


760 


u u 


u u 


a 


120 


744 


(1 u 


(1 K 


Prov. Mach. Co. " 


u 


120 


707 


1( (1 


Social Mill, " 


City " " 


u 


160 


1041 


u a 


i( a 


(( (1 u 


u 


160 


1041 


(( a 


u a 


"Wm. Mason " 


u 


160 


900 


May, " 


Weetamoe, Fall River, 


Curtis, Parr & Co. " 


u 


144 


1060 


June, " 


j Ocean Mill, New- } 
I buryport, Mass., f 


Higgins & Sons " 


u 


136 


1160 


u u 


a u 


u 


152 


1160 


ITov., " 


Granite Mill, Fall River, 


How'd&Bull'h, " 


u 


160 


1070 


July, 1871 


Amoskeag, Man'r, N. H., 


Prov. M. Co. F. F. F., 


6x3 


128 


611 


May, 1872 


Rockport, Mass., 


li u 




128 


900 


u u 


Masconomet, New'port, 


u u 




136 


1000 


Jan., 1873 


Potomska, N. Bedford, 


City Mach. Co. " 


" 


168 


900 


April, " 


Manville, R. I., 


Prov. " " 




184 


1129 


Nov., " 


Westville, Taunton, 


li u u u 




128 


832 


Aug., 187S 


Manchaug, Mass., 


SacoW.P.Co.F.F.F., 


5x2i 


144 


1117 


June, 1871 


Manchester P.W., N. H., 


U (( u 


(( 


152 


1340 



27 



ROVING-FRAMES.— ( Continued.) 



Diam. of 
Roll. 


Kev. 
Roll. 


Draft. 


From 


To 


Ft. Lb. 
Frame. 


Ft. Lb. 
Spindle. 


H. P. 

Frame. 


Spindles 
perH.P. 


Remarks. 


1^ 


98 


5. 


1.88 h. 


4.76 h. 


577 


4.01 


1.050 


137. 


Bob. J full. 




115 


5.90 


1.25 


4. 


823 


6.05 


1.496 


91. 


c> X 




94 


6.30 


1.87 


5.95 


716 


5.26 


1.302 


104.5 


I. u 




106 


5.98 


1.54 


4.75 


910 


7.11 


1.655 


77.4 


a » 




106 


5.98 


1.54 


4.75 


1,093 


8.54 


1.988 


64.4 


u u 




130 


6. 


0.66 


1.90 


645 


5.76 


1.173 


97. 


" "Old Pattern 




104 


4.54 


0.88 


4. 


692 


5.41 


1.250 


102. 


•' "New " 




104 


4.54 


0.88 


4. 


584 


5.22 


1.063 


105. 






133 


6. 


0.66 


1.90 


757 


5.57 


1.377 


99. 


" " Col'd Rov. 




110 


6. 


1.21 


3.62 


691 


4.55 


1.256 


121. 


" " NewPat'rn 




98 


6. 


1.32 


4. 


512 


4. 


.931 


137. 






100 


5.45 


1.30 


3.64 


646 


4.49 


1.175 


122.5 


u .; 




97 


5.34 


1.49 


4. 


733 


5.09 


1.333 


108. 


U .1 




94 


6.66 


1. 


3.33 


873 


6.06 


1.588 


91. 


u l> 




141 






4. 


1,534 


10.96 


2.789 


50. 


» u 




123 


6.60 


i.25 


4.13 


1,046 


7.27 


1.903 


76. 


u » 




95 


6.60 


1.14 


3.80 


549 


4.57 


.998 


120. 


" "Cent. Pres'r 




93 


6.60 


1.14 


3.80 


506 


4.22 


.920 


130. 


" " Spring " 




86 


6.60 


1.14 


3.80 


418 


3.44 


.733 


164. 


>t U U it 




120 


6.86 


1.27 


4.37 


1,167 


7.28 


2.121 


75.2 


" " Bad order. 




120 


6.86 


1.27 


4.37 


900 


5.63 


1.635 


98. 


" " Sim. Frame 




97 


6.86 


1.27 


4.37 


622 


3.87 


1.131 


141. 




lin. 


120 


6.40 


1.20 


3.80 


995 


6.91 


1.808 


80. 


" " 




120 


6. 


1.32 


3.90 


842 


6.19 


1.540 


83. 


.L ,. 


u 


120 


6. 


1.32 


3.90 


1,065 


7. 


1.937 


79. 


" "New Frame 


li 


126 


6.40 


1.21 


3.88 


1,414 


8.83 


2.570 


62.25 


" " 


u 


89 


5.92 


1.25 


3.70 


256 


2.00 


.463 


276. 


" " 


u 


98 


5.87 






682 


5.33 


1.241 


103. 


" " Old Frame. 


(( 


100 


6.17 


i.49 


4.50 


541 


4.00 


.983 


138. 


u u 


a 


92 


6.10 


1.39 


4.28 


685 


4.08 


1.245 


135. 


" " 


u 


86 


5. 


3.87 


9. 


604 


3.77 


1.263 


146. 


" " 


(( 


125 


7. 


0.55 


1.95 


597 


4.67 


1.086 


118. 




t( 


61 


6. 


4. 


12. 


603 


4.18 


1.096 


131.4 


u .. 


(< 


86 


6. 


3.64 


10.75 


631 


4.15 


1.147 


132.5 





28 



THROSTLE-SPINNING. 



DATE. 


Place. 


Description. 


No. 
Spin. 


Weight 
Flier. 


Kev. of 
Flier. 


Rev. 
Roll. 


Draft. 


April, 1871 


( Stark Mills, ) 
iMan'r, KH., [ 


I Amosk'g Sh'p 
] 23 years old, ' 


128 


3|oz. 


3,820 


94 


8.27 


u u 


11 


11 


u 


11 


3,820 


94 


8.27 


u u 


11 


c Locks and Ca- ) 
1 nals Co., 30 y. ) 


11 


4 oz. 


4,000 


94 


7.84 


Nov., " 


11 


j Amosk'g Sh'p / 
] 23 years, ) 


11 


3|oz. 


4,100 


100 


8.27 


U (1 


11 


11 


11 


11 


4,220 


103 


8.27 


u u 


11 


11 


11 


11 


4,220 






u u 


11 


11 


11 


11 


3,690 


'90 


8.27 


u u 


11 


11 


11 


11 


3,280 


80 


8.27 


u u 


11 


11 


11 


11 


2,954 


72 


8.27 


U (( 


11 


11 


11 


11 


2,685 


66 


8.27 


June, 1872 


Amosk'g Mill 1^0.2 


j Amosk'g Sh'p ) 
] about 20 yrs., ) 


11 


4 oz. 


3,071 


76 


9.35 


u u 


1 


11 I 


11 


11 


11 


3,170 


74 


10.26 


u u 


' 


11 1 


11 


11 


11 


3,042 


73 


9,35 


a u 


' 


11 I 


u 


11 


11 


3,332 


78 


9.35 


u u 


1 


" 1 


11 


11 


3^ oz. 


3,226 


76 


9.35 


(( u 


1 


u 3 


it 


11 


4 oz. 


3,694 


96 


6.65 


u u 


1 


11 3 


11 


11 


11 


3,450 


90 


6.65 


Aug. 7, " 


1 


1 u 3 


(1 


11 


11 


3,450 


90 


6.65 


" 8, " 


1 


11 3 


11 


11 


11 


3,450 


90 


6.65 


June, " 


1 


" 3 


11 


11 


11 


3,690 


76 


7.09 


U (( 


1 


11 3 


(1 


11 


11 


3,820 


79 


7.09 


u u 


1 


11 3 


11 


11 


11 


3,717 


73 


8.27 


July, " 


1 


" 5 


11 


160 


2ioz. 


4,136 


72 


8.39 


u u 


1 


11 5 


u 


11 


u 


4,142 


64 


9.93 


April, " 


( Appleton / 
i Mills, Lowell, f 


Lowell M.S'p.,old, 


128 


3ioz. 


3,800 


81 


8. 


July, " 


Pepperell Mills, 


11 


11 


3.45 oz 


4,929 


71 


7. 


u u 


Biddeford, Maine, 


11 


11 


11 


4,929 


71 


7. 


a u 


11 


11 


11 


11 


4,929 


71 


7. 


(( 11 


u 


11 


11 


2.83 oz 


4,929 


71 


7. 


a 11 


11 


11 


i( 


11 


4,929 


71 


7. 


11 11 


11 


11 


11 


11 


4,929 


71 


7. 


Feb., 1874 


Nashua Mfg. Co. 


11 


11 


4 oz. 


3,778 


59 


8.66 



DEAD-SPINDLE. 



29 



From 



1.61 h. 
1.61 

1.61 
1.61 

1.(51 
1.61 
1.61 
1.61 

1.50 

1.50 

1.50 

1.50 

1.50 

1.50 

1.50 

1.50 

1.50 

2. 

2. 

2. 

2.86 

2.86 

1.65 

3.14 
3.14 
3.14 
3.14 
3.14 
3.14 
2.50 



To 



13. weft. 
13. 
12.33 wa. 

13. weft. 
13. 



13. weft. 
13. 
13. 
13. 

14. 

16. 
14. 
14. 
14. 

10. warp. 

10. " 

10. " 

10. " 

14. " 
14. " 
16. " 
24. " 
28. " 

12.50 " 

22. " 

22. " 

22, " 

22. " 

22. " 

22. " 

22. " 



Ft. Lb. 


Ft. Lb. 


H.P. 


Spindl's 


Frame. 


Spindle. 


Frame. 


H.P. 

74. 


954 


7.45 


1.734 


929 


7.25 


1.689 


76. 


1,077 


8.38 


1.959 


65. 


930 


7.25 


1.690 


76. 


867 


6.72 


1.576 


81. 


689 


5.38 


1.252 


102. 


722 


5.64 


1.313 


97. 


604 


4.72 


1.079 


110. 


486 


3.80 


.883 


145. 


428 


3.34 


.778 


164. 


746 


5.83 


1.357 


94. 


688 


5.36 


1.250 


102. 


767 


6.00 


1.395 


92. 


848 


6.62 


1.542 


83. 


757 


5.91 


1.377 


93. 


920 


7.19 


1.673 


76. 


881 


6.89 


1.601 


80. 


757 


5.91 


1.377 


93. 


938 


7.33 


1.703 


75. 


649 


5.07 


1.180 


108. 


740 


5,76 


1.345 


95. 


739 


5.76 


1.343 


95. 


971 


6.07 


1.766 


90. 


954 


5.96 


1.735 


92. 


" 977 


7.63 


1.776 


72. 


1,102 


8.60 


2.003 


64. 


1.058 


8.27 


1.924 


66.5 


1,014 


7.92 


1.845 


69. 


927 


7.24 


1.686 


76. 


884 


6.90 


1.607 


79.75 


841 


6.57 


1.528 


83.75 


986 


. 7.70 


1.793 


71.10 



'RmiARKB. 



Heart Motion on Lift, A. 

Mangle " " Similar Frame, B. 



Similar to Frame B. 

[Mangle, leveled. 
Frame A changed to [and oiled. 

Rolls stopped. 

speed reduced, in full operation. 
" " further. 



Speed increased from last Trial. 
Similar Frame, Malleable-iron Flier, 
Old Frame, refitted in New Mill. 

Speed reduced. 

very hot afternoon. [in night. 

Rainy morning, weather changed 
Similar Frame. Fair day, 2 Trials, ex- 
Similar Frame. [ceotionally light. 



Banding Tests. [16J on one side, 
Com'n Flier, empty Bobbin, long Band, 
" 16 sp. across, 8 each side, 
.i 8 "4 

Pearls Flier 16 on one side. 

" 16 across, 8 each side. 
"8 "4 

Bands hard and heavy. 



30 



RING SPINNING 



Date. 


Place. 


Maker. 


B si 


No. 
Spin. 


Wt. 
Spin. 


Eey. 
Spindle. 


Rev. 
Roll. 

100. 


Draft 


April, 1871 


( Stark Mills, ) 
] Man'r, N. H., \ 


Lowell Ma. Shop, 


If in 


144 


12ioz 


4,480 


7.84 


Nov., 1871 


n 


u 


u 


144 


ii 


4,480 


100. 


7.84 


(( 


Amosk'gMiUs, " 


a 

Amoskeag Co., 




144 
144 


Hi 


4,480 
4,380 






Ma7, 1871 


73.' 


7.26 


a 


u 


ii. 


u 


144 


u 


5,100 


72. 


8.48 


u 


a 


a 


11 


144 


u 


5,727 


75. 


7.76 


June, 1871 


u 


u 


u 


128 


13 


5,066 


62. 


7.68 


a 


a 


u 


u 


128 


(1 


5,240 


68. 


8.40 


July, 1871 


Langdon Mills, " 


Saco W. P. Co. 


u 


128 


12i 


5,900 


62.^ 


7.44 


Aug., 1871 


Manchaug, Mass. 


u 


a 


160 


10 


5,857 


54. 


7.68 


Sept., 1871 


Wauregan, Conn., 


Whitin, 


u 


144 


12 


5,028 


63. 


7.26 


u 


u 


a 


(t 


144 


12i 


4,968 


54. 


6.75 


a 


u 


u 


u 


144 


a 


5,060 


53. 


6.75 


(( 


u 


a 


lA 


240 


a 


4,930 


53. 


6.75 


u 


u 


(( 


(( 


240 


li 


5,010 


64. 


6.75 


June, 1871 


Derry Mills, ) 
■ Man'r, N. H., \ 


i( 


2 


120 


^i 


2,211 


90. 


6. 


Nov., 1871 


Stark MiUs,KH., 


Lowell Ma. Shop, 


If 


144 


12J 


4,524 


101. 


7.84 


u 


(( 


(( 


(( 


144 


u 


4,255 


95. 


7.84 


u 


u 


(( 


u 


144 


u 


3,893 


87. 


7.84 


u 


u 


u 


(( 


144 


u 


3,476 


78. 


7.84 


u 


a 


a 


u 


144 


^i 


3,200 


73. 


7.84 


Mar., 1872 


Haydensville, Ms. 


Whitin, 


1t\ 


120 




5,609 


84. 




Jan., 1872 


j Whittenton, [ 
( Taun'n, Mass. ) 


William Mason, 


Ifl 


128 


12 


4,325 


100. 


9.50 


(( 


" No. 1 Mill, 


K 


u 


128 


u 


4,325 


100. 


9.50 


u 


it u 


U 


(( 


128 


ii 


3,500 


120. 


5. 


u 


U (( 


U 


(( 


128 


u 


3,800 


100. 


7.37 


(( 


U (1 


u 


(( 


128 


u 


4,326 


114. 


8. 


(( 


U (( 


u 


(C 


128 


<1 


3,800 


100. 


8. 


(( 


U (( 


a 


u 


128 


u 


3,400 


86. 


7.37 


(( 


" No. 2 Mill, 


(( 


If 


160 


u 


4,050 


130. 


8. 


(( 


u u 


u 


u 


160 


l( 


5,067 


96. 


9.50 


(1 


u u 


(( 


l( 


160 


u 


5,067 


84. 


6.50 


Mar., 1872 


Salmon F'ls,N.F. 


Saco W. P. Co., 


a 


144 


11 


4,972 


68. 


7.25 


Apr., 1872 


( Appleton Co., } 
} Lowell, f 


Lowell Ma. Shop, 


a 


144 


12 


5,120 


100. 


8. 


May, 1872 


Eockport, Mass., 


William Mason, 


(( 


72 


u 


5,240 


68. 


7.27 


(( 


u 


a 


(( 


108 


(( 


5,440 


68. 


7.27 


u 


u 


Saco W. P. Co., 


(( 


192 


11 


5,460 


68. 


7.27 


(( 


j Masconomet, ) 
i Newburyp'rt, ) 


(C 


a 


192 


u 


6,000 


75. 


6.66 


June, 1872 


Amoskeag, No. 6, 


Amoskeag Co., 


H 


128 




5,154 


61. 


7.68 


u 


u 


n 


u 


128 




6,187 


68. 


7.68 


(( 


a 


t( 


a 


128 




3,544 


74.^ 




11 


Manches'r P. W., 


Saco W. P. Co., 


If 


128 




5,950 


64. 




(( 


Manchester, N.H. 


(( 


(1 


192 


— 


5,950 


56. 






RING SPINNING. 



31 



From 


To 


Ft. Lb. 
Frame. 


3.a 

£02 


H. P. 

Frame. 


Spindl's 

kp. 


Bbmakks. 


1.61 


12.33 wp 


750 


5.21 


1.363 


106. 


Old Bands, Bobbin half full. 


1.61 


12.33 " 


865 


6. 


1.572 


92. 


Same Frame, new Bands. 


.... 




630 


4.37 


1.145 


126. 


" Rolls stopped, Spindles only. 


3.80 


24. " 


631 


4.88 


1.148 


126. 




3.30 


28! " 


715 


5. 


1..300 


110. 


Same Frame as last trial. Speed and Draft 


4.40 


34. " 


845 


5.87 


1.587 


94. 


Similar ' " [changed' 


4.42 


34. weft 


727 


5.68 


1.322 


97. 




4.42 


37. " 


794 


6.20 


1.444 


90. 


Similar to last Frame. 


4.26 


33. warp 


698 


5.45 


1.268 


101. 




12. 


46. " 


596 


3.73 


1.084 


148. 


Three Trials, averaged. [started that A. m. 


4.33 


30. " 


1,306 


9. 


2.375 


61. 


Wet day. Frame near open door, not previously 


7. 


48. " 


1,111 


7.70 


2.020 


71. 


Common Bobbin, 1-8 inch Bands. 


7. 


48. " 


979 


6.80 


1.781 


81. 


Chambered Bobbin, 1-16 inch Mule Bands. 


7. 


48. " 


1,476 


6.15 


2.684 


90. 


Common Bobbin and Band, Draper's Spiral 


4.50 


30. " 


1,451 


6.04 


2.639 


91. 


" " " " [Bolster. 


1.33 


8. " 


634 


5.28 


1.153 


104. 


Hosiery Frame. 


1.61 


12.33 " 


841 


5.77 


1.510 


95. 




1.61 


12.33 " 


769 


5.34 


1.399 


103. 


Same Frame as last, Speed reduced. 


1.61 


12.33 " 


677 


4.70 


1.230 


117. 


" " " further. 


1.61 


12.33 " 


584 


4.05 


1.062 


136. 


" " " " 


1.61 


12.33 " 


527 


3.66 


.959 


150. 


tt 11 u (( 


.... 


23. " 


782 


6.52 


1.423 


84.4 




HI: 

1.90 


16. " 


787 


6.15 


1.431 


89.5 


Colored Kovings, Black and Orange. 


16. 


727 


5.68 


1.322 


97.5 


White " 


1.90 


9. weft 


677 


5.29 


1.231 


104. 


" " 


1.90 


14. " 


649 


5.10 


1.180 


108. 


" " 




11. warp 


820 


6.40 


1.491 


86. 


Colored " 


11. " 


700 


5.46 


1.273 


100. 


Black and White. 


1.90 


14. weft 


680 


5.31 


1.237 


103. 


White " 


1.15 


9. warp 


1,018 


6.36 


1.852 


86.5 


" " 


3.40 


17. " 


1,060 


6.60 


1.927 


83. 


Colored " Black and Orange. 


22. •' 


1,055 


6.59 


1.917 


83.5 


White 


3.62 


25. " 


735 


5.10 


1.336 


108. 




1.65 


12.50 " 


740 


5.14 


1.346 


107. 


Average of four Tests. 


3.80 


28. " 


501 


6.96 


.911 


79. 


Old Frame. 


3.80 


28. " 


728 


6.74 


1.323 


82. 


" " 


3.80 


28. " 


1,023 


5.33 


1.861 


103. 




4.50 


30. " 


1,179 


6.14 


2.143 


90. 




4.42 


34. " 


660 


5.15 


1.200 


107. 




4.42 


34. " 


789 


6.16 


1.434 


89. 


Same Frame, last Trial, increased Speed. 


.... 


14. " 


480 


3.75 


.872 


147. 




.... 


30. " 


886 


6.92 


1.611 


80. 







42. " 


1.150 


6. 


2.091 


92. 





32 



RING SPINNING.— {Continued.) 



Date. 


Place. 


Maker. 


ig 
li 


No. 
Spin- 


Wt. 
Spin. 


Rev. 

Spindle. 


Rev. 
KoU, 


Draft 


July, 1872 


Pepperell Mills, 


Saco W. P. Co., 


128 


11. 'oz 


5,666 


84 


7. 


li 


Biddeford, Me., 


u 


(I 


128 


(( 


5,666 


84 


7. 


u 


(( 


a 


a 


128 


6.^ 


5,666 


84 


7. 


(I 


u 


a 


u 


128 


11.^ 


5,666 


84 


*T 


u 


u 


u 


u 


128 


u 


5,666 


84 


7! 


u 


(( 


i( 


11 


128 


u 


5,666 


84 


7. 


Oct., U72 


Amoskeag Mill, 


Amoskeag Co., 


H 


144 


u 


4,600 


70 


7.26 


(I 


Manchester, N.H. 


u 


K 


144 


a 


5,250 


77 


7.26 


u 


u 


u 


u 


144 


li 


6,127 


90 


7.26 


a 


(( 


u 


u 


144 


a 


7,355 


107 


7.26 


a 


u 


iC 


a 


128 


13. 


3,090 


66 


9.35 


u 


u 


u 


a 


128 


a 


4,050 


82 


9.35 


u 


u 


u 


u 


128 


u 


5,672 


115 


9.35 


Dec, 1872 


Washington Mill, 


Gloucester Foun., 


lA 


128 


12. 


6,000 


70 


7.30 


a 


Gloucester, N. J., 


Whitin, 


H 


128 


a 


5,890 


63 


7.30 


li 


u 


a 


(I 


128 


u 


6,356 


70 


7.30 


a 


u 


Lanphear, 


u 


128 




6,000 


72 


7.30 


a 


u 


Fales & Jenks, 


l( 


128 




6,000 


72 


7.30 


Feb , 1873 


j Oocheco, Do- 
i ver, K H., 


Oocheco Co., 


If 


128 




4,820 


66 


7.90 


a 


u 


Saco W. P. Co., 


If 


192 




4,895 


67 


7.90 


u 


l( 


(( 


u 


192 




4,895 


67 


7.90 


April, 1873 


Clinton Mill, 


Whitin, 


u 


192 


12." 


5,460 


68 


8.14 


u 


Woonsocket, E. 1. 


u 


a 


192 


u 


5,540 


69 


8.14 


u 


(( 


u 


u 


128 


u 


5,380 


67 


8.14 


l( 


u 


(( 


(C 


128 


u 


6,020 


75 


8.14 


a 


Social Mill, R. I., 


11 


u 


192 


(C 


5,715 


64 


7.52 


a 


u 


u 


u 


192 


u 


5,715 


64 




May, 1873 


j Am. Linen Co., 
) Fall River, 


Higgins & Sons, 


H 


224 


12.»' 


6,200 


56 


7.09 


u 


Davol Mills, " 


Saco W. P. Co., 


a 


128 


11. 


6,000 


74 


6.52 


a 


u 


u 


u 


128 


" 


5,270 


65 


6.52 


i( 


u 


(( 


11 


128 


u 


5,430 


67 


6.52 


June, 1871 


Pacific Mills, 


Whitin, 


If 


160 


12. 


6,059 


73 


6.79 


u 


Lawrence, Mass., 




a 


160 


u 


6,059 


73 


6.79 


(1 


u 


" Altered,* 


u 
a 


160 
160 
160 


ii 

n 

7. 


6,059 
6,059 
6,059 






u 






(( 


'73" 


6.79 


u 


u 


IC (( 


u 


160 


u 


6,059 


73 


6.79 


(1 


u 

Atlantic Mills, 


U (( 

Lowell Ma. Shop, 


a 
a 

If 


160 
160 
176 


u 

12. 


6,059 
6,059 
5,802 






u 






Sept., 1873 


96' 


7.60 


u 


Lawrence, Mass., 


a 


u 


176 


l( 


5,802 


96 


7.60 


Nov., 1873 


Westville, Taun- 


William Mason, 


u 


192 


8. 


5,864 


107 


9.45 


u 


ton, Mass. 


Light Spindle, 


4( 


192 


" 


5,651 


102 


9.45 


Mar., 1873 


j Ci-escent Mill, 
( Fall River, 


(( 


If 


192 


6. 


5,570 


67 


7.50 



' Spindle cut off at butt, and reiduced in diameter— top as before. 



33 



RING SPINNING (Continued.) 



Prom 


To 


Ft. Lb. 
Frame. 


S.9 


H.P. 

Frame. 


Spindl's 


Remarks. 


3.14 


22. 


warp. 


850 


6.64 


1,545 


83. 


Spindles banded singly. 
Empty Bobbin (Averages 1.667 H. P., 7.26 lb. ppi 
Full " i Spindle, or 77 Spindles per H. P. 


3.14 


22. 


u 


983 


7.69 


1.788 


71.5 


3.14 


22. 


u 


900 


7.03 


1.636 


78. 


Spindle shortened at butt. Average one-half full. 


3.14 


22. 


(1 


939 


7.33 


1.707 


75. 


Common Spindle, long Band, 16 Spin, on one side, 


3.14 


22. 


" 


817 


6.38 


1.485 


86. 


" 16 Spin, across, 8 each side. [Av. i full. 


3.14 


22] 


u 


750 


5.86 


1.364 


94. 


" 8 " "4 " " 


3.30 


24. 


i( 


619 


4.30 


1.125 


128. 


Straight Spindle. 


3.30 


24. 


u 


716 


4.97 


1.302 


110. 


" Same Frame, increased Speed. 


3.30 


24. 


u 


978 


6.79 


1.779 


81. 


" " Further " 


3.30 


24. 


u 


1,553 


10.78 


2.824 


51. 


" " " 


1.50 


14. 


weft. 


422 


3.30 


.768 


167. 


Taper Spindle. 


1.50 


14. 


u 


627 


4.90 


1.140 


112. 


" " increased Speed. 


1.50 


14. 


a 


1,053 


8.23 


1.915 


67. 


" " Further " 


4. 


30. 


warp. 


853 


6.64 


1.551 


83. 


Bobbin one-half full. 


4. 


30. 


(( 


896 


7. 


1.629 


78.5 


" " 


4. 


30. 


(( 


1,006 


7.86 


1.830 


70. 


" 


4. 


30. 


a 


827 


6.46 


1.562 


85. 


41 


4. 


30. 


u 


776 


6.06 


1.410 


90.5 


<l U 


3.54 


28. 


a 


746 


5.63 


1.358 


98. 


u 


3.54 


28. 


u 


991 


5.16 


1.800 


107. 


" " Cocheco Dynamometer. 


3.54 


28. 


a 


1,016 


5.29 


1.847 


104. 


" " two-thirds full, Amoskeag " 


3.80 


31. 


a 


1,370 


7.35 


2.491 


77. 


Half full, damp day, next to wall of mill. 


3.80 


31. 


u 


1,204 


6.27 


2.190 


87.66 


" Clear day, in centre of room. 


3.80 


31. 


u 


736 


5.75 


1.337 


95.75 


" " " 


3.80 


31. 


u 


910 


7.11 


1.655 


77. 


it 4t 


4.37 


32. 


a 


996 


5.18 


1.811 


106. 


Empty Bobbin, J Av'ge, 1,069.5 ft.lb.=1.945 H.P. 
Full " 1 =5.57 lb. Spin.=99. Spin. H P. 


4.37 


32. 


u 


1,143 


5.95 


2.078 


92. 


4.13 


29. 


u 


1,410 


6.29 


2.580 


88. 


Half-full Bobbin. 


4.50 


29. 


u 


947 


7.40 


1.722 


74.2 


Frame not level, old Mill. 


4.50 




u 


726 


5.68 


1.321 


97. 


Bands too tight and Bobbins too heavy. 


4.50 




a 


726 


5.68 


1.321 


97. 


Bobbin lighter than last. 


4.40 


28.56 " 


1,098 


6.87 


1.996 


80. 


Empty Bobbin, J Av'ge, 1,120 ft. lb.=2.037 H. P. = 
Full " 1 7.01 lb. Spin.=78.5 Spin. H. P. 


4,40 


28.56 " 


1,141 


7.15 


2.073 


77. 






.^. 


1,007 
1,050 
1,253 


6.30 
6.56 

7.83 






Empty Bobbin only on Spin. Roils stopped. 










Full 


4.40 


28.56 '' 


2.378' 


' '70'. ■ ■ 


Empty " ( Av'ge, 1,432 ft. lb. = 2.602 H. P. - 
Full " j 8.95 lb. per Spin.=61.5 Spin. H. P. 


4.40 


28.56" 


1,630 


10.19 


2.965 


54. 








1,087 
1,447 
1,395 


6.80 
9.04 






Empty Bobbin only on Spindle. Rolls stopped. 










Full 


2. 


15. 




7.92 


'2.5*36' 


"7"o'." 


Empty " J Av'ge, 1,470 ft. lb. = 2.671 H. P. = 
Full " 1 8.35 lb. Spin.= 66. Spin. H. P. 


2. 


15. 




1,575 


8.77 


2.807 


62. 


0.95 


9. 




1,270 


6.61 


2.309 


83. 


Two-thirds full Bobbin, tight Bolster. 


0.95 


9. 




886 


4.61 


1.610 


119. 


Half-full Bobbin, tight Bolster, reamed out. 


4. 


30. 




806 


4.20 


1.466 


131. 


" " Evidently full fast enough. 



34 



RING-SPINNING.— ( Continued.) 



Date. 


Jan., 


1874 




a 




u 




u 




a 




11 




u 




u 




u 


Feb., 


1874 


u 


a 



April, 1872 



Oct., 1872 



Jan., 1873 



Feb., 
Mar., 



1873 



AprU, " 



Place. 



Mt. Vernon Mills, 
Baltimore, Md., 

" Carroll Spin.," 



Nashua Mfg. Co., 
( Altered from 
( Throstle, 



( Appleton Mills, 
'I Lowell, 



Maker. 



Bridesburg Mfg 
Co., 



Stark Mills, Man- 
chester, N. H., 



"t 



j Oocheco Mills, 
] Dover, N. H. 
Stark Mills, " 

King Philip, F.R. 

u 

Manville, R. I., 

u 

j Social Mill, 
] Woonsock't,E.I. 



Fales & Jenks, 



Lowell Ma. Shop, 

Altered from old 
Throstle-Frame, 



Old Frame alter'd 

u 

Saco W. P. Co., 

New, 
(1 

Fales & Jenks, alt., 

a 

Whitin, New, 



If 



1^ 



Diam 


No. 


Wt. per 


Rev. 


Rev. 


Ring. 
If 


Spin. 


SpiDdle. 


Spindle. 


Roll. 


204 


8 oz. 


5,050 


128 


a 


204 




5,050 


128 


u 


204 




5,050 


80 


u 


204 




5,050 


80 


a 


204 




5,050 


80 


u 


204 




5,050 


80 


u 


204 




5,050 


80 


a 


204 




5,050 


80 


u 


204 




5,050 


80 


u 


128 




5,930 


94 


u 


128 




5,930 


94 



Draft. 

7. 
7. 
7. 
7. 
7. 
7. 
7. 
7. 
7. 
7. 

8.66 



128 
128 
128 
128 
128 
128 
128 
128 
128 
128 
128 
128 
128 
128 
128 
128 
128 
128 
128 
128 
128 

128 

128 

160 

160 
128 
128 

192 
192 



3|oz. 
3*oz. 



SAWYER 



8.07 
8.07 
8.07 
8.07 
8.07 
8.07 
7.84 
7.84 
7.84 
7.84 
7.84 
7.84 
7.84 
7.84 
7.84 
7.84. 
7.84 
7.84 

7.90 

7.84 

7.31 

1*1.25 
11.25 

7.52 
7.52 



6,050 


120 


3,055 


66 


4,027 
5,000 


88 
107 


2,950 


83 


4,027 
4,027 
4,027 


no 

110 
110 


4,115 


117 


4,022 


115 


5,605 


115 


5,069 


104 


4,386 


90 


3,753 
4,180 


77 
90 


4,900 


104 


5,320 


115 


6,320 


135 


4,600 


91 


5,230 


106 


5,770 
6,350 


117 
130 


6,002 


78 


5,290 


110 


6,260 


65 


6,260 




7,730 
7,730 


80 
80 


6,448 


77 


6,448 


77 



♦ Frame had been in operation three weeks longer. 



t Same frame. 



% Similar. 



RING-SPINNING — ( Continued. ) 



35 



From 


To 


Ft. Lb. 
Frame. 




H. P. 

Frame. 


Spindl's 
H.P. 


Bemabks. 


0.85 hk 


6. 


wp 


1696. 


8.31 


3.080 


66. 


MUl cold, 60" Fahr. Oil at 65 cents per gallon. 


0.85 


6. 




1875. 


9.19 


3.409 


60. 


" damp " " 35 " 


1.83 


12. 




1661. 


8.14 


3.020 


67. 


" " " " 35 


1.83 


12. 




1500.39 


7.35 


2.727 


75. 


" " " " 65 


1.83 


12. 




1464. 


7.18 


2.662 


77. 


" " " " 65 ■ 


1.88 


12. 




1348.25 


6.61 


2.451 


83.2 


" warmer = tO", 65 " 


1.83 


12. 




1134. 


5.56 


2.062 




Ends down. Traveler stopped = 13.60 per cent. 


1.83 


12. 




1009. 


4.95 


1.835 




Rolls stopped = 9.52 per cent. 


1.83 


12. 




884. 


4.33 


1.607 




Bobbin oflf = 9.53 per cent. Spin, only 67.35 per ct 


2.50 


22. 




1034.30 


8.08 


1.880 




Empty Bobbin. Warm and clear. 


2.50 


22. 




1271.20 


9.93 


2.311 




Full 








1152.54 


9. 


2.095 


61. 


Average " Bands heavy and hard. 



spindijI:. 



1.65 

1.65 
1.65 
1.65 
1.65 
1.65 
1.65 
1.65 
1.65 
1.65 
1.61 
1.61 
1.61 
1.61 
1.61 
1.61 
1.61 
1.61 
1.61 
1.61 
1.61 
1.61 

3.54 

1.61 

6. 

7. dou 
7. dou. 

4.37 
4.37 



12.50" 

12.50" 
12.50" 
12.50" 
13. wf. 
13. " 
13. " 
13. " 
13. " 
13. " 
12. wp 
12.33 " 
12.33" 
12.33 
12.33" 
12.33" 
12.33' 
12.33' 
12.33" 
12.33 " 
12.33" 
12.33" 

28. wp 

12.33" 

40. " 

40.' " 
40. " 

32. " 
32. " 



662. 

207. 

326. 

454. 

211. 

322. 

343. 

303. 

399. 

417. 

731.58 

541. 

444. 

361. 

451. 

596. 

667. 

890. 

486. 

611. 

718. 

899. 

577. 

547. 

613.43 



4.14 

1.62 
2.54 
3.55 
1.65 
2.52 
2.68 
2.37 
12 
3.26 
5.71 
4.26 
3.47 
2.82 
3.52 
4.66 
5.21 
6.96 
3.80 
4.73 
5.61 
7.02 

4.50 1.049 



366. 2.28 
493. 3.85 
525. 4.10 



4.28 
3.83 



1.204 

.376 
.593 

.825 

.384 

.586 

.623 

.551 

.725 

.758 

1.330 

.984 

.808 

.656 

.820 

1.083 

1.218 

1.619 

.884 

1.112 

1.306 

1.634 



750. 
941. 



3.91 
4.90 



.995 

1.115 

.665 
.897 
.955 

1.364 
1.711 



133. 

340. 
216. 
155. 
333. 
219. 
205. 
232. 
176. 
167. 

96. 
130. 
158. 
180. 
156. 
118. 
105. 

80. 
145. 
115. 

95.5 

78.5 

122. 
129. 
143.5 

143. 
134. 

140. 
112. 



Average of 18 Tests. Bobbin half ftill. 

Bobbin half full. Loose Bands, 55 in., ts in diam. 



' Damp day, wet floor. Bands 54} in. 
' Dry day. New Bands, 55J in. 
' Common Ring Bauds, i diam. Dry. 
" " " Damp. 

Half-full Bobbin, 1.10 in. Band. 
" Speed reduced. 
" Speed further reduced. 

" 1-8 inch Band. 

" Speed increased. 

" Speed further increased. 

" New Bolster, 1.10 in. loose Band. 

" " Speed increased. 

" " Speed further increased. 

" Spiral Bolster. [Rolls, 24 per cent. 

" Cyl. and Spin., 56 per ct.. Traveler, 20 p. ct., 

" = 60 per ct. of whole power for Cyl. & Spin. 
Empty Bobbin, 334 grains weight. 
Half-full Bobbin = 172 gr. yarn additional. 

Empty " j Average, 846 ft. lb.= 1.538 H. P. 
Full "I =4.40ft. per Spin.=125. Spin.H.P. 



36 



RING-SPINNING.— ( Continued.) 



Date. 


Place. 


Maker. 


Diam 
King. 


No. 
Spin. 

160 


Wt. per 
Spindle. 


Rev. 

Spindle. 


Rev. 
Roll. 


Dralt 


Jim. 2, 1873 


j Pacific Mills, 
( Lawrence, 


j Whitin, altered 
\ to Saw. Spin., 


3.75 oz 


6,059 


73 


6.79 


a 


u 






160 




6,059 


73 


6.79 


u 


a 






160 




6,059 


73 


6.79 


" 5, " 


u 






160 




6,059 


73 


6.79 


u 


11 






160 




6,059 


73 


6.79 


i( 


a 






160 




6,059 


73 


6.79 


" 2. " 


u 






160 
IfiO 




6,059 
6,059 






a 






" 5. " 


j Same Frame 
"1 repeated. 






160 
160 




6,059 
6,059 






Sep. 30, " 


73 


6.79 


a 


u 






160 




6,059 


73 


6.79 


a 


u 






160 




6,059 


73 


6.79 


Dec, " 


Stark Mills, Man- 


Lowell Ma. Shop, 


If 


128 


3.75 


5,820 


97 


9.48 


11 


chester, N. H., 


Old Frame alter'd 


u 


128 


u 


5,820 


97 


9.48 



Jan., " 

u 

Mar., " 

u 
u 
l( 
u 
u 

Jun.2, " 

(( 

i( 

u 
u 

" 5, " 

u 
u 
(( 

Sep. 30, " 



RABBETH 



Potonska Mills, 
N". Bedford, Mass., 



Pacific Mills, 
Lawrence, Mass., 



Fales & Jenks, 
Eabbeth Spind, 



Lowell Shop, al 
to Rabbeth Spin 
by Tales & Jenks, 



H 


480 


3ioz. 


6,100 


a 


160 




6,100 


u 


160 




6,160 


u 


160 




6,200 


(( 


160 




6,200 


(( 


160 




6,200 


Ik 


160 




6,200 


u 


160 


" 


6,200 


H 


160 


3|oz. 


6,059 


u 


160 




6,059 


a 


160 




6,059 


u 


160 




6,059 


11 


160 




6,059 


t( 


160 




6,059 


11 


160 




6,059 


11 


160 




6.059 


11 


160 




6,059 


11 


160 




6,059 


11 


160 




6,059 


11 


160 




6,059 



80 


7.50 


80 


7.50 


79 


7.50 


80 


7.50 


80 


7.50 


80 




Spin 


only 


80 


7.50 


73 


6.79 


73 


6.79 


73 


6.79 


73 




73 




73 


6.79 


73 


6.79 


73 


6.79 


73 


6.79 


73 


6.79 


73 


6.79 

















PEARL 






C Lowell Machine 








Jun.2, " 


Pacific Mills, 


■< Shop, Pearl 
( Spmdle No. 3, 


11 


160 


31 oz. 


6,059 


73 


6.79 






(1 




160 




6,059 


73 


6.79 


11 




11 




160 




6,059 


73 


6.79 


11 




11 




160 




6,059 
6,059 
6,059 






11 




11 
11 




160 
160 








" 5, " 


73 


6.79 


11 




u 




160 




6,059 


73 


6,79 


11 




u 




160 




6,059 


73 


6.79 


11 




11 




160 




6,059 













SAWYER SFINHJ^E.— (Continued.) 



37 



From 


To 


Ft. Lbs. 
Frame. 


Ft. Lbs. 
Spindle. 


H. P. 

Frame. 


Spindl'e 

k P. 


Bemabks. 


hanks. 

4.40 

4.40 
4.40 
4.40 
4.40 
4.40 


28.50 wp 

(( u 

a u 

(( u 
(( a 
11 u 


692. 

724. 

766. 

726.5 

727.4 

805.7 

479. 

554. 

490. 

689.7 

758.6 
827.6 
416.6 

522.7 


4.32 

4.53 

4.79 

4.54 

4.58 

5.04 

3. 

3.46 

3.06 

4.31 

4.74 
5.17 
3.25 
4.09 


1.2581 

1.317 [ 
1.3941 
1.321] 
1.322 I 
1.465 J 


121 

117 


Empty Bob., clear day, ( Av. of 3 tests, 728. ft. lb., 
i full " " ■{ 1. 322 H. P., 4.55 lb. per 
Full " " / Spin., 121 Spin, per H. P. 

Empty Bob., damp day ( Av. of 3 tests, 753 ft. lb., 
^full " '' -^^l.SeQH. P.= 4711b. per 
Full " " |Spin.=117. Spin, per H.P. 

Empty Bob. only on Spin. Rolls 6topped=69.5 pr. 
Full " " " [cent, of whole. 


















Empty Bobbin only — 67.5 per cent. 


4.40 

4.40 
4.40 
1.61 
1.61 


u a 

u u 

15.25 " 

u u 


1.2541 

1.372 ■ 
1.534 

.757 
.950 


116 

169 
135 


Empty Bobbin ( Average, 758.6 ft. lb., 1.372 H. P. 
i full *' < " 4.74 lb. per Spindle. 
Full •' ( " 116 Spindles per H. P. 

Empty Bobbin, J Average, 470 ft. lb.= .854 H. P.= 
Full " 1 3.67 lb. per Spin.=150 Spin. H.P. 



SPINDLE. 



4. 


30. warpl 


4. 


u 


u 


4. 


a 


u 


4. 


u 


11 


4 














4. 


" 


u 


4.40 


28.50 


u 


4.40 


u 


u 


4.40 


u 


u 




::::::::i 


4.40 


u 


" 




a 


a 


4,40 


a 


(I 


4.40 


a 


ki 


4.40 


<( 


u 


4.40 


(( 


u 



2285. 

759. 

770. 

702. 

584. 

571. 

500. 

690.5 

609. 

689. 

696. 

460. 

532. 

617. 

672.3 

712.8 

457.4 

574.5 

G27.7 

672.4 



4.75 

4.73 
4.81 
4.39 


4.155 

1.380 
1.401 
1.277 


116 — 

116 + 
114 

125 








3.125 

4.315 

3.80 

4.31 

4.35 

2.89 

3.32 

3.85 

4.20 

4.45 

2.88 

3.59 

3.92 

4.20 


=71pc 

1.255. 

1.1071 

1.253 y 

1.265J 


128'" 

Av'ge, 
132.5 






1.1221 
1.252 \ 
1.290J 


Av'ge, 
132 


1.0451 
1.141 !- 

1.222 


Av'ge, 
141 



I 3 Frames taken together average, i full, 
"i Full = 4.491 H. P. Empty = 3.877 H. P. 

Half-full Bobbin. 

" Centre of cylinder f in. below whorl. 

" " " raised level with " 

Ends down. Traveler stopped — 16.93 per cent. 
Roving Broken, Draught stopped = 1.70 per cent. 
Rolls stopped = 10.17 per cent. [oiled. 

i full, Bands all put in order, and Frame well 
Empty Bobbin, clear day. 

J- full Bobbin] Average, 664 ft. lb. = 1.208 H. P.= 
Full " ") 4.15 lb. per Spin.= 132.5 Spin. H.P. 

Empty Bobbin only = 75.5 per cent. 
Full " = 76.3 " [ster-step. 

Empty Bob., damp day, but with fresh oil in Bol- 
i full Bobbin ( Average, 667.4 ft. lb.= 1.232 H. P. = 
Full " 1 4.17 lb. Spin. = 133 Spin. H. P. 

Empty Bobbin only on Spindle = 74 per cent. 

" " Reduced in weight from 379 gr. to 214 gr. 

* full Bobbin ( Average, 624.8 ft. lb.= 1.136 H. P.= 
Full " 1 3.90 lb. per Spin.= 141. Spin. H.P. 



SPINDLE. 

4.40 



4.40 
4.40 



4.40 
4.40 
4.40 
4.40 



519.6 


3.25 


664.3 


4.15 


687.5 


4.30 


383.9 


2.42 


526.8 


3.29 


578.9 


3.62 


682.5 


4.28 


710.5 


4.44 


430. 


2.69 



.945 

1.208 [ 
1.250J 
=74p c 
=76p c 
1.053-1 
1.241 I 
1.292J 
=74p c 



Av'ge, 
141 




Empty Bobbin, clear day. 

i full Bobbin J Average, 623 ft. lb. = 1.134 H. P.: 

Full " 1 3.90 lb. Spin.= 141 Spin. H. P. 

Empty Bobbin on Spindle only. Rolls stopped. 

Full 

Empty Bobbin, damp, showery day. 

* fuU Bobbin j Average, 657.31 ft. lb.= 1.195 H.P. = 

Full " ^4.111b. per 8pin.= 134 Spin. H.P. 

Empty Bobbin only on Spin. Rolls stopped. 



38 



RING-SPINNING.— ( Continued.) 



Date. 


Place. 


Makbb. 


Diam 
Ring. 


No. 
Spin. 


Wt. of 
Spindle. 


Rev. 
Spindle. 


Rev. 
Roll. 


Draft 


Sep. 30, '73 


Pacific Mills, 


Pearl Spin. No. 2, 


Ifin 


160 


4^ OZ. 


6,059 


73 


6 79 


a 


a 






160 




6,059 


73 


6.79 


i( 


u 






160 




6,059 


73 


6.79 


" 25, '' 


Atlantic Mills, 






176 




5,719 


80 


7.60 


(( 


u 






176 




5,719 


80 


7.60 


(( 


li 






176 




5,719 


80 


7.60 


" 27, " 


a 






176 




5,719 


80 


7.50 


u 


u 






176 




5,719 


80 


7.60 


u 


u 






176 




5,719 


80 


7.60 


" 25, " 


(( 






176 




5,285 


103 


7.60 


it 


u 






176 




5,285 


103 


7.60 


(1 


«( 






176 




5,285 


103 


7.60 


u 


(' 






176 




5,448 


90 


7.60 


u 


Ci 






176 




5,448 


90 


7.60 


(( 


u 






176 




5,448 


90 


7.60 


" 26, " 


(1 






176 




5,448 


66 


7.60 


(( 


(( 






176 




5,936 


72 


7.60 


" 27, " 


u 






176 




5,735 


70 


7.60 


u 


u 






176 




5,735 


70 


7.60 


u 


u 






176 




5,735 


70 


7.60 



BIRKENHEAD 



Mar., 1873 



May, 1873 



Ric'd Borden Mill 
Fall River, Mass., 
Ainer. Linen Co., 



Wm. Mason, Bir 
kenhead Spin., 

Higgins, altered 
to Birkenliead, 



If in 


192 
192 


4 


OZ. 


5,100 
5,100 


\ 


160 
160 
160 
160 
160 
160 
160 
160 






5,830 
5,830 
6,840 
5,750 
5,750 
5,750 
5,750 
5,750 



69 


8.14 


69" 


7.09 


81 


7.09 


68 


7.09 


68 


7.09 


68 




68 





June, 1873 



Ocean Mills, New- 
buryport, Mass., 



Lowell Ma. Shop, 

Richardson & 

Cumnock's Spin. 

and Bolster, 



l^in 


208 




5,200 


67 


u 


208 




5,440 


71 


(( 


208 


.... 


5,290 


68 


u 


208 




5,000 


65 


u 


208 


.... 


5,290 


68 



RICHARDSON 

7.04 
7.04 
7.04 
7.04 
7.04 

EXCELSIOR 



Oct., 1872 


Frankford, Pa., 


Bridesburg Man- 


l^in 


204 


4 OZ. 


2,960 


62 


6. 


Dec, 1872 


a 


ufacturing Co., 




204 




4,103 


90 


6. 


<( 


Wingohocking M'l 






204 




5,081 


111 


6. 


(( 








204 




6,053 


130 


6. 


(( 








204 




6,923 


148 


6. 


(( 








204 




5,035 


68 


7. 


(( 








204 




6,020 


79 


7. 


(( 








204 




7,009 


90 


7. 


(( 








204 




8,026 


102 


7- 



39 



FEARL-SPINBIiZ: ( Coniimced.) 



From 


To 


Ft. Lb. 
Frame. 


Ft.Lb. 
Spin. 


H. P. 

Frame. 


Spindl's 
H.P. 


BEMABE3. 


4.40 


warp. 

28.50 


732.14 


4.58 


1.331 ■) 


Av'ge, 


Empty bobbin, Bolsters too tight fit. Damp day. 


4.40 


28.50 


839.3 


5.25 


1.526 I 


Half fuU Bob. j Av'ge, 815.48 ft. lb.=1.483 H. P. = 
Full " I 5.10 lb. perSpin.=108. Spin. H. P. 


4.40 


28.50 


875. 


5.47 


1.59lJ 


108. 


2.80 


20.50 


806.5 


4.58 


1.466 




Empty Bobbin. Taken just as running in mill. 


2.80 


20.50 


959.7 


5.45 


1.745 




Full " [No cleaning. 


2.80 


20.50 


883. 


5.02 


1.605 


110. 


Average. [and oiled. 


2.80 


20.50 


685.5 


3.90 


1.246 




Empty Bobbin. Same Frame, thoroughly cleaned 


2.80 


20.50 


758. 


4.31 


1.378 




Full 


2.80 


20.50 


721.8 


4.10 


1.312 


134. 


Average Bobbin. 


1.87 


14. 


806. 


4.58 


1.465 




Empty " Similar Frame, taken as running 


1.87 


14. 


1000. 


5.68 


1.818 




Full 


1.87 


14. 


903. 


5.13 


1.641 


107. 


Average " " " 


2. 


15. 


824.60 


4.68 


1.500 




Empty " Frame like last. Spindle half an 


2. 


15. 


962.46 


5.47 


1.752 




Full " [inch shorter. 


2. 


15. 


893.53 


5.07 


1.621 


110. 


Average " 


3.68 


28. 


701.75 


3.986 


1.273 


138. 


Half full " Same Frame, finer Yam. 


3.68 


28. 


789.47 


4.486 


1.435 


122. 


" " 4 p. M., same Frame, speed incr'd. 


3.68 


28. 


694.9 


3.94 


1.263 




Empty " 10 a.m., " cool morning. 


3.68 


28. 


915.24 


5.20 


1.666 




Full 


3.68 


28. 


805.08 


4.57 


1.465 


120. 


Average " " " " 



SPINDLE. 



3.53 


29. 


817.71 


4.25 


1.487 


129. 






666.60 
630.66 


3.47 
3.94 


i."l47 


139.' 


4.13 


29. 






516. 


3.23 


.938 




4.13 


29. 


836. 


5.22 


1.520 


105. 


4.13 


29. 


690.8 


4.31 


1.256 


128. 


4.13 


20. 


680. 


4.25 


1.237 


130. 






593. 
553. 
540. 


3.375 


1.079 
1.006 

.982 








.... 





SPINDLE. 



3.90 


29. 


975. 


4.69 


1.773 


117. 


3.90 


29. 


1082. 


5.20 


1.967 


106. 


3.90 


29. 


711.6 


3.42 


1.294 


160. 


3.90 


29. 


746.6 


3.59 


1.359 


153. 


3.90 


29. 


575.4 


2.77 


1.046 


199. 



SPINDLE. 



2. 


12. 


2. 


12. 


2. 


12. 


2. 


12. 


2. 


12. 


2.90 


20.5 


2.90 


20.5 


2.90 


20.5 


2.90 


20.5 



326. 

565. 

769. 
1038. 
1273. 

620. 

804. 
1009. 
1206. 



1.60 


.593 


344. 


IstFi 


2.77 


1.027 


200. 


ad ' 


3.77 


1.398 


146. 




5.09 


1.888 


108. 




6.24 


2.314 


88. 




3.04 


1.127 


181. 




3.94 


1.462 


140. 




4.94 


1.834 


111. 




6.11 


2.266 


90. 





Half full " Bands very tight. 
Spindle and Cylinder only = 81.50 per cent. 
Bobbin half full. 

Spindle and Cylinder only = 81 per cent. 
Bobbin half full. Too high speed for Frame. 

" " Same Frame as above. 

" " " Bands eased. 

Ends down, Traveler stopped = 12.8 per cent. 
Weight off Eolls = 5.88 per cent. 
Rolls stopped. Spin, and Cyl. only — 79.4 per ct. 



Bob. i full. Banded in usual way. Belt too tight. 
" Frame not level. Belt too tight. 

" •' Level. Belt easy. 

" Belt tight. ( Banded, 6 Spin, with long 

" Belt easy. 1 Band across, 3 on each 

[side. 



Ist Frame tested of this Spindle. 

Bobbin half full in all cases. 



40 



RING-SPINNING.— ( Continued.) 



Date. 


Place. 


Makeb. 


a 'i 

a g 
5m 


No. 
Spin. 


Wt. 
Spin. 


Eev. 
Spindle. 


Rev. 
Roll. 


Draft 


Dec, 1872 


Franktbrd, Pa., 


Bridesburg Mfg. 


If in 


204 


4oz. 


9,067 


118 


7. 


it. 


u 


Co., 


11 


204 


11 


5,081 


62 


7.50 


" 


" 


a 


u 


204 


11 


6,053 


72 


7.50 


u 


u 


u 


11 


204 


11 


7,009 


84 


7.50 


u 


u 


i( 


u 


204 


11 


8,026 


96 


7.50 


u 


u 


a 


11 


204 


11 


9,067 


108 


7.50 


u 


a 


(1 


a 


204 


11 


10,071 


121 


7.50 


Mar., 1873 


Stark Mills, Man- 


ki 


1 "> 


204 


11 


4,900 


116 


8.30 


a 


chester, N. H. 


a 


(( 


204 


11 


5,050 


118 


8.30 


(( 


a 


a 


(( 


204 


11 


5,200 


120 


8.30 


i( 


u 


u 


11 


204 


11 


4,736 


120 


8.30 


u 


u 


11 


t( 


204 


11 


5,264 


131 


8.30 


June, 1873 


(( 


11 


u 


204 


11 


4,287 


110 


8.30 


April 2, '73 


Mannville, E. I., 


11 


H 


204 


11 


8,300 


80 


5.71 


u 


u 


Cast-Iron Step 


11 


204 


11 


8,300 


80 


• * • • 


u 


u 
a 
u 

u 


and Bolster, 

11 

11 
11 


11 
11 
11 
11 

u 


204 
204 
204 
204 
204 


11 
11 
11 
11 
11 


8,300 
8,300 
8,300 






u 






(1 






(1 






April 3, '73 


"9,*300 


'91' 


5.V1 


u 


u 


11 


11 


204 


11 


8,300 


80 


5.71 


u 


u 


U 


11 


204 


11 


7,550 


73 


5.71 


(( 


u 


11 


11 


204 


11 


6,870 


67 


5.71 


l( 


u 


11 


11 


204 


11 


6,390 


62 


5.71 


April 7, '73 


11 


Brass Step and 


11 


204 


11 


9,600 


100 


5.71 


u 


u 


Bolster, 


11 


204 


11 


8,740 


91 


5.71 


u 


u 


11 


11 


204 


11 


8,300 


86 


5.71 


1.1. 


u 


11 


It 


204 


11 


7,650 


80 


5.71 


u 


u 


11 


11 


204 


11 


6,870 


72 


5.V1 


li 


u 


11 


11 


204 


11 


6,150 


64 


5.71 


April 9, '73 


(( 


Eing changed, 


1 ' 


204 


11 


9,440 


98' 


5.71 


u 


u 


11 


11 


204 


11 


8,300 


86 


5.71 


u 


u 


a 


u 


204 


11 


7,450 


77' 


5.71 


(1 


u 


11 


11 


204 


11 


6,870 


70' 


5.71 


(( 


u 


(1 


(I 


204 


(1 


6,150 


64 


5.71 


Apr. 11, '73 


(( 


(( 


(1 


204 


(1 


10,040 


104 


5.75 


a 


(( 


a 


(( 


204 


11 


9,080 


94 


5.75 


u 


(1 


(1 


11 


204 


11 


8,300 


86 


5.75 


u 


(( 


11 


a 


204 


11 


7,650 


80 


5.75 


u 


u 


u 


11 


204 


11 


6,970 


73 


5.75 


u 


1( 


(( 


11 


204 


11 


6,000 


63 


5.75 


Nov., 1873 


Weetamoe Mills, 


(( 


li 


204 


11 


5,760 


90 


9.06 


u 


Fall Eiver, Mass., 


(1 


11 


204 


11 


5,760 


90 


9.06 


Jan., 1874 


Clipper Mills, 


u 


li 


132 


11 


4,660 


122 


6.50 


a 


Baltimore, Md., 


(1 


11 


132 


u 


4,660 


122 


6.50 


(( 


u 


11 


11 


132 


11 


2,700 


70 


6.50 



41 



EXCELSIOR 8PJNDIjIl.—{Coii(i>med.) 



From 


To 


Ft. Lb. 
Frame. 


; P. 


H. P. 

Frame. 


Spindl's 
H. P. 


Remarks. 


2.90 


20.5 wp. 


1508. 


7.89 


2.742 


74.5 


2d Frame. 


4. 


30.5 " 


546. 


2.67 


.993 


205. 


u » 


4. 


30.5 " 


705. 


3.45 


1.282 


159. 


.. .. 


4. 


30.5 " 


929. 


4.55 


1.649 


121. 




4. 


30.5 " 


1174. 


5.75 


2.134 


95.5 




4. 


30.5 " 


1475. 


7.23 


2.862 


76. 




4. 


30.5 " 


1754. 


8.60 


3.190 


64. 




1.50 


13. weft. 


864. 


4.23 


1.571 


130. 


Bobbin half full. Bands too Hght. 

] Cyl. & Spin. 68.4 p. c, Twist 16 do., Rolls 15.6 do. 


1.50 


13. " 


896. 


4.39 


1.629 


125. 


1.50 


13. " 


963. 


4.72 


1.753 


116.5 


" " " " " 


1.50 


13. " 


693. 


3.40 


1.260 


162. 


( Bobbin half full. New Bands, larger, 

1 Cyl. & Spin. 61.4 p. c, Twist 20 do., Kl's. 18.6 do. 


1.50 


13. " 


772. 


3.78 


1.404 


145. 


J Bobbin half full. New Bands, larger, 

1 C. & S. 66.66 p. c. Twist 18.03 do., Rolls 15.32 do. 

Bobbin half fall. 


1.50 


18. " 


571. 


2.80 


1.038 


196.5 


7. 


40. warp 


993.33 
893.33 


4.87 


1.806 
1.624 


113. 


Half full. New Frame, a new mill. Cold and wet. 
" Yarn broken, Trav'r stop'd = —10.07. p. c. 
Roving '• Draught " = — 5.03 " 
Top Rolls off =— 2.69 " 
Bottom Rolls stopped = — 5.03 " 
J Bands off. Spindles stopped =—67.11 " 
1 Cylinder only = — 10.07 " 
Half full. Weather warmer, but mill damp. 






843.33 




1.530 








816.66 




1.485 








766.66 
100. 
1233.33 


3.76 
6.04 


1.394 
.182 

2.242 


'91.' 






r'" 


40.' ' "" " 


7. 


40. " 


916.86 


4.50 


1.665 


122. 


" and cool all through the experiments. 


7. 


40. " 


772.73 


3.79 


1.405 


145. 


11 11 n u 


7. 


40. " 


700. 


3.46 


1.273 


159. 


" 


7. 


40. " 


646. 


3.17 


1.175 


174. 


" 


7. 


40. " 


1372. 


6.73 


2.495 


82. 


" Twist-gear changed. Colder than last test 


7. 


40. " 


1140. 


5.59 


2.073 


98. 


.1 41 


7. 


40. " 


983.33 


4.84 


1.788 


114. 


" " " 


7. 


40. " 


833.33 


4.08 


1.576 


135. 


11 » » 


7. 


40. " 


755. 


3.70 


1.373 


149. 


" 


7. 


40. " 


714. 


3.50 


1.298 


157. 


ti 


7. 


40. " 


1190. 


5.83 


2.163 


94.2 


" Mill still very cold and damp. 


7. 


40. " 


953. 


4.67 


1.733 


118. 


" " " " 


7. 


40. " 


834. 


4.09 


1.517 


134.5 


» 41 


7. 


40. " 


733.33 


3.59 


1.333 


153. 


44 4. 4. 


7. 


40. " 


573.5 


2.81 


1.053 


195. 


44 44 44 


7. 


40. " 


1283.33 


6.28 


3.333 


87.5 


Warm day. WindS.W. 


7. 


40. " 


983.6 


4.82 


1.788 


114. 


" " " 


7. 


40. " 


833.33 


4.08 


1.515 


135. 


44 44 44 


7. 


40. " 


743.33 


3.64 


1.351 


151. 


44 44 44 


7. 


40. " 


643.33 


3.15 


1.190 


175. 


" 


7. 


40. " 


500. 


2.45 


.909 


224. 


it 44 


4. 


36. weft. 


640. 


3.14 


1.165 


175. 


Empty Bobbin. 


4. 


36. " 


656.25 


3.21 


1.193 


171. 


Full 


1. 
1. 


6.50 wp 
6.50 " 


607.43'4.60 
700.335.21 


1.104 
1.274 


j Av. 
jlll. 


Empty Bobbin Uyerage, 4.95 lb. per Spindle. 


1. 


6.50 " 


319. ,2.42 


.580 


228. 





42 



RING-SPINNING.— ( Continued.) 



Date. 


Place. 


Makeb. 


cs CI 

liin 


No. 
Spin. 


wt. 

Spin. 


Rev. 
Spindle. 


Rev. 
Roll. 

61 


Draft 


June, 1872 


Amosk'g Mills, 


Amoskeag Co., 


128 




5,154 


7.68 












128 






6,187 


68 


7.68 












128 






3,506 


74 


9.35 


Oct., 1872 










128 
128 
128 
144 
144 
144 
144 






3,090 
4,050 
5,672 
4,600 
5,250 
6,127 
7,355 


66 

82 
115 
70 
77 
90 
107 


9.35 
9.35 
9.35 
7.26 
7.26 
7.26 
7.26 


Feb., 1874 










144 
144 
144 
144 
144 






5,004 
5,700 
6,316 
7,384 
8,380 


66 
75 
83 
97 
110 


7.26 
7.26 
7.26 
7.26 
7.26 



PUSEY SPINDLE. 



Jan., 1874 



Clipper Mill, 
Baltimore, Md., 
Wilmington, Del., 



Pusey Bros., Wil- 
mington, Del., 



2iin 


132 




3,132 


108 


u 


132 




3,132 


108 


If in 


132 




6,026 


84 


u 


132 




6,026 


84 


u 


132 




7,030 


98 


(( 


182 


.... 


7,030 


98 



4. 

4. 

8.86 

8.86 

8.86 

8.86 



PERRY SPINDLE {Dead). 



43 



From 


To 


Ft. Lb. 
Frame. 




H. p. 

Frame. 


Spindl's 
H. P. 


Remabks. 


4.42 
4.42 


34 warp 

34 " 


493. 
608. 


3.85 

4.75 


.896 
1.106 


143. 
116. 


Bobbin half full. Set on Whorl which revolves 

around Spindle, the latter free to move. 
Bobbin half full. 


1.50 


14 weft. 


339. 


2.65 


.616 


208. 


" 


1.50 


14 " 


311. 


2.48 


.565 


226. 


11 u 


1.50 


14 " 


440. 


3.44 


.801 


160. 


1> t( 


1.50 


14 " 


669. 


5.23 


1.217 


105. 


" 


3.30 


24 warp 


439. 


3.05 


.800 


180. 


" 


3.30 


24 " 


518. 


3.60 


.941 


153. 


" 


3.30 


24 " 


716. 


4.97 


1.202 


110. 


" 


3.30 


24 " 


956. 


6.64 


1.738 


83. 


" 


3.30 


24 " 


437.5 


3.04 


.795 


181. 


" 


3.30 


24 " 


514. 


3.57 


.935 


155. 


" 


3.30 


24 " 


639. 


4.44 


1.162 


124. 


u 


3.30 


24 " 


804. 


5.58 


1.462 


98. 


u 


3.30 


24 " 


1000. 


7. 


1.818 


78.5 


14 U 



[Dead.) 



0.75 


3 warp 


1145.84 


8.08 


2.083 -l 
2.216] 


Av. 


0.75 


3 " 


1218.75 


9.23 


67. 


2.25 


20 " 


404.35 


3.06 


.7351 
.955/ 


Av. 


2.25 


20 " 


525.22 


3.98 


156.25 


2.25 


20 " 


521.21 


3.96 


.949-1 

1.278] 


Av. 


2.25 


20 " 


712.80 


5.40 


123.5 



( Empty Bobbin, a 



JFull 
( Empty 
I Full 
j Empty 
IfuII 



= 8 oz. Tarn. 



= 2oz. 



= 2oz. 



A Bobbin placed on a tube which revolves around Spindle. 



44 



MULE-SPINNING. 



Date. 



July, 1871 

Aug., 1871 
Sept., 1871 

n 

Aug., 1871 
Sept., 1871 



Jan., 1873 
Mar., 1873 
Apr., 1873 



May, 1873 



Nov., 1873 



Mar., 1873 

Nov., 1873 
Mar., 1873 
May, 1873 

u 

Nov., 1873 



Place. 



Amosk'g Mill, N.H. 
Langdon, " 

Manchaug, Mass., 
"Wauregan, Oonn., 

u u 

Mancliaug, Mass., 
Durfee Mills, 

Fall Eiver, Mass., 

j Whittenton, 
1 Taunton, Mass., 
Haydensville, Mass. 

Salmon Falls, N. H. 

j Appleton Mills, 

( Lowell, 
(( 

Rockport, Ma?s., 



Masconomet Mill, 
Newburyp't, Mass., 
\ Essex, Paterson, 
] K J., 



Granite Mill, F. E., 

u u u 

Slade " 
Weetamoe, " 

a u 

Westville, Taunton, 



Descriptiok. 



1 pair Smith Mules, 
j 1 Saco W. P. Co. Im- 
] proved Sharpe & Roberts 
j 1 Saco W. P. Co. Our- 
l tis, Parr & Madely. 

1 Curtis, Parr & Madely, 
j 1 Marvel & Davol, 
/ Sharpe & Roberts, 
i Wra. Mason & Co., old, 
j 1 Wm. Mason & Co., 
I Warp -j^ Gau., new. 
1 Wm. Mason & Co., 1^ 
Gauge, 5 months old^ 
1^^ oz. warp, 

1 Wm. Mason, " " " 

1 '> li Gauge, 

1 Saco W. P. Co., S. & R., 

1 Piatt Bros. If Gauge, 

Same Mule, Twist ch'd, 

j 1 Franklin Foundery, 

I Geared Mule, 

\ 1 Saco W. P. Co., F. F. 

} Pattern, 

1 Wm. Mason, IJ Ga., old, 

u u u 

j 1 Curtis, Parr & Co., If 

/ inch Gauge. 

j Marvel, Davol & Co., 

( 1 J inch Gauge, 

j 1 PlattBros. &Co. Ifga. 

( warp. 

Same Mule, 

1 Mason, 1^^ Gau. warp, 

1 Parr & Curtis 1^ ga. wp. 

1 " 1^^ " wef. 

1 Wm. Mason 1^ " " 



No. 
Spin. 



896 
704 

696 

552 
696 

516 

832 

768 

768 

576 
468 
560 
600 
600 
600 

544 

480 

572 

704 
600 

552 

552 
556 
544 
600 

480 



Ac. Rev. 
Spindle. 



4,500 
5,000 

5,000 

5,000 
4,860 

4,560 

4,170 

4,600 

4,600 

3,000 
4,200 
3,850 
2,460 
3,220 
3,470 

3,850 

3,690 
3,690 

3,700 
3,550 

4,713 

5,300 

4,480 
5,106 
4,113 
3,100 



St'ch, 



65 in 

60 

64 

64 
62 

61 

60 

60 

60 

60 
60 
60 
64 
64 
60 

60 

60 
60 

63 
60 

64 

64 
60 
63 
63 
60 



Sec. 

St'ch, 



19. 

22. 

22. 
21.66 

21. 

19.33 

18. 

18. 

18. 

17.5 

17. 

16.5 

17.5 

23.33 

18. 

19.5 
19.5 

22. 
18. 

19. 

17. 
18. 
17. 
17. 
18. 



45 



MULE-SPINNING. 



Draft. 


From 


To 


START. 


DKATT <fc TWIST 


BAG 

Sec. 
* 


KING. 

Ft Lb 


Average 
Ft. Lb. 


Lb. per 
Spindle. 


Average 
H. P. 


Spindles 


Sec. 


Ft. Lb. 


Sec. 


Ft. Lb. 


perH.P. 


8.99 


3.33 


30. weft. 


* 


* 


* 


* 


* 


1,472 


1.64 


2.677 


335. 


r.ir 


4.76 


33. " 


2. 


1,604 


12 


1,185 


5 


349 


1,146 


1.63 


2.084 


338. 


8.74 


5.95 


52. " 


4. 


2,912 


14 


1,912 


4 


912 


1,912 


2.75 


3.476 


200. ) A 

173. i A 
225. 


8.74 
8.71 


5.95 

7. 


52. " 
58. " 


4. 

4. 


2,772 
2,701 


14 

1366 


1,772 
1,701 


4 
4 


772 
701 


1,772 
1,701 


3.21 
2.59 


3.222 
3.093 


9.15 


4.33 


40. " 


3. 


2,220 


13 


1,660 


5 


600 


1,660 


3.22 


3.019 


171. B 


8.40 


4. 


36. " 


3. 


2,579 


13 


1,592 


5 


605 


1,592 


1.91 


2.895 


287. 


7.70 


3.85 


29. warp. 


2. 


2,918 


1^. 


1,839 1 
1,153 f 


5 


388 


1,486 


1.93 


2.702 


284. " 

it 
287.. 


7.70 


3.85 


29. " 


2. 


2,892 


1^ 


1,842 j. 
1,1141 


5 


383 


1,473 


1.92 


2.678 


8,.W 


2. 


17. weft. ■ 






12 


1,050 


6 


478 


859 


1.46 


1.562 


370. 






27. " 






11^ 


1,235 


6 


374 


941 


2.00 


1.710 


274. 


8.56 


3.62 


31. " 


2. 


1,536 


r? 


1,082) 
627 i" 


4 


400 


955 


1.70 


1.736 


322. 


8. 


1.65 


13. " 


2.5 


2,512 


9 


2,078 
2.503) 

1,742 r 

1,314 


4 


813 


1,700 


2.83 


3.091 


194. 


7.95 

7. 


1.65 
3.80 


12.50 wp 
26. weft. 


2.5 
4:33 


2,946 
1,647 


14 


4 
5 


813 
368 


2,031 
1,173 


3.38 
1.96 


3.693 
2.133 


163. 
281. 


7.21 


3.80 


32. " 


3. 


1,694 


10 


1,254 


5 


444 


1,102 


2.03 


2.004 


272. 


8.25 
8.25 


4.50 
4.50 


36. " 
36. " 


2. 
2. 


1,560 
1,613 


12^ 

12^ 


1,357 
1,405 


5 
5 


372 
421 


1,124 
1,174 


2.34 
2.29 


2.045 
2.135 


235. ) c 
240, f 


7.30 


4. 


30. warp. 


2. 


2.244 


15 


1,625 


5 


475 


1,404 


2. 


2.533 


275- 


8.10 


3.33 


30. weft. 


1. 


1,207 


12 


873 


5 


367 


734 


1.225 


1.335 


450. 


7.47 


3.88 


29. warp. 


3. 


3,104 


11 


2,195 


5 


695 


1,944 


3.525 


3.535 


156. D 


7.47 
7.50 
7.15 
8.43 
10.77 


3.88 
3.80 
4.15 
4.15 
1.95 


29. " 
28. " 
29.5 " 
35. weft. 
21. " 


3. 
3. 
2. 
2. 
2. 


3,127 
1,967 
2,620 
2,093 
1,009 


9 

8 

10 

10 

10 


2,217 
1,517 
2,046 
1,512 
855 


5 

7 
5 
5 
6 


854 
363 
517 
465 
309 


1,977 
1,099 
1,664 
1,257 
690 


3.58 

1.976 

3.06 

2.10 

1.46 


3.594 
1.998 
3.025 

2.287 
1.255 


153.2 

279. 

180. 

262. 

382.5 



* Mules balanced each other. t Companion Mules. 

A Mules rather new and stiff. b Mules old and not quite level. 

c Mules quite old. d Belt new and slipped. Not up to proper speed. 



46 



COTTON-LOOMS. 



Datb. 


Place. 


Dbsobiption. 


^ 

TS 
^ 


No. 
Warp 


No. 
Weft. 


Picks Clo'h 
per inch. 


Picks 
p. min. 


AprU, 1871 


Stark MUls, 


Lowell M. S., Sheeting 


Uchea. 

36 


16. 


16 


56 X48 


128 


June, 1871 


Amoskeag Mills, 


Amosk'g Co., Ticking, 


28 


10. 


. • . • 


48 X 50 


118 


(( 


it 


" Print Cloth, 


28i 


30. 


33 


64 X 64 


120 


July, 1871 


a 


" Fine Sheeting, 


40 


24. 


30 


64 X 80 


125 


a 


(( 


u a 


49 


24. 


30 


li 


120 


li 


u 


u u 


60 


24. 


30 


It 


116 


u 


(( 


u a 


100 


24. 


30 


u 


70 


(( 


u 


" Fancy Gingham 


28 


13.5 


16 


56 X 56 


82 


C( 


(( 


" " [Goods, 


28 


24. 


28 


a 


94 


u 


(( 


" simple Check" 


28 


24. 


28 


(t 


94 


Aug., 1871 


Manchaug, 


SacoW.P.Oo.Plain " 


37 


46. 


52 




140 


u 


(( 


(( u u 


37 


46. 


52 




138 


(1 


u 


U (( u 


37 


46. 


52 




154 


u 


u 


Whitin's " " 


36 


46. 


52 




151 


ll 


u 


u u a 


28 


30. 


32 


64*x'64' 


150 


u 


(( 


(( u a 


28 


30. 


32 


u 


130 


1856 


Ind. Orciiard, 


Lowell M. S. » " 


36 


23. 


24 


64 X 72 


126 


u 


u 


a a 


39 


23. 


24 


64 x 68 


126 


Feb., 1872 


Langdon Mills, 


Whitin's " " 


40 


30. 


33 


88 X 100 


120 


a 


u 


(( t( (( 


40 


33. 


38 


72 X 80 


120 


Mar., 1872 


Haydensville, 


l( U (( 


36 


23. 


27 


64 X 64 


120 


April, 1872 


Salmon Falls, 


SacoW.P.Oo. " " 


36 


25. 


31 


64 X 72 


125 


Jan., 1872 


Whittenton Mills, 


Mason's Drop-box L'm 


36 


9. 




u 


112 


(( 


u 


1 Thomas's Patent " 


36 


9. 




(( 


118 


(( 


u 


Mason's 4 Harness " 


36 


9. 




(( 


115 


t( 


(( 


U U (( 


36 


9. 




(1 


125 


(( 


(( 


1 Revolving Box, 


36 


9. 




u 


110 


(( 


a 


Mason's 4 Harness, 


36 


9. 




u 


120 


(k 


u 


1 Orompton, New Pat. 


36 


9. 




u 


118 


ct 


(( 


Old " 


36 


22. 


24 


u 


118 


May, 1872 


Eockport Mills, 


W. Mason's Drill, " 


33 


28. 


32 


83 X 68 


145 


u 


t( 


11 (( (I 


36 


28. 


32 


u 


140 


(( 


u 


u u u 


40 


28. 


32 


(( 


135 


(( 


u 


" " [Pat. 


40 


28. 


32 


u 


140 


« 


u 


Lewiston Sh., Mason's 


40 


28. 


32 


u 


140 


(( 


u 


Wm, Mason, " 


40 


28. 


32 


u 


117 


(( 


Masconomet " 


" Plain Sheeting, 


40 


30. 


36 


80 X 84 


130 


(( 


u 


Lesley, " 


40 


30. 


36 


u 


130 


(( 


(1 


u u 


48 


30. 


36 


u 


122 


(( 


u 


u u 


36 


30. 


36 


(i 


130 


Nov., 1872 


Essex, Pat'n, N.J. 


Mosquito-Net Loom, 


72 


30. 


30 


12 X 12 


88 


K 


Dale Mfg. Co., " 


Jacquard on Silk Serge 
Fancy Braid Loom, ) 
Doub. Bk., 48 Shut. ) 


27 








100 


U 


96 








68 












April, 1873 


Clinton, Woon'kt 


Whitin's Plain Loom, 


40 


31. 


32 


64 X 72 


129 


u 


Social, " 


u u 


40 


31. 


32 j 


5.66x68 
7.76 X 84 


il39 


Sept., 1873 


Atlantic, Law'nce 


Lowell Mach. Shop, 


40 


22. 


24 • 


64 X 68 


145 


a 


u 


u u 


36 


15. 


16 


52 X 52 


156 


It 


u 


a (( 


36 


20. 


20 


56 X 56 


156 


Nov., 1873 


Weetamoe, F. R., 


Kilburn, Lincoln &Co. 


28 


29. 


35 


64 X 64 


154 


u 


Granite, " 


Davol & Co., 


28 


29. 


35 


a 


154 



COTTON-LOOMS. 



47 



Ft. Lb. per 
Sec. Loom. 


H. Power 
Loom. 


No. 
Tes'd 


Total H. P. 


Looms per 

h.p: 


Beuabes. 


75.23 


0.160 


8 


1.282 


6.25 


Dynamometer driving Connter-Sliaft. 


106.15 


.193 


20 


3.856 


5.18 • 


ti 11 II it 


35.14 


.064 


20 


1.278 


15.62 


U II II .1 


51.15 


.093 


12 


1.117 


10.75 


II II 11 II 


62.15 


.113 


9 


1.019 


9. 


II II Ik II 


64.90 


.118 


16 


1.779 


8.47 


11 .1 11 11 


89.10 


.162 


3 


.486 


6.17 


.1 11 II II 


96.82 


.176 


10 


1.760 


5.68 


II II II II 


86.35 


.157 


10 


1.568 


6.37 


11 11 II 11 


48.95 


.089 


15 


1.333 


11.23 


11 11 11 II 


65. 


.118 


1 


.118 


8.47) 


11 .1 11 II / 

11 II 11 11 J New Looms 

" 11 II 11 1 just started. 


72.05 


.131 


1 


.131 


7.63 V 


86.35 


.157 


1 


.157 


6.37) 


85.80 


.156 


4 


.624 


6.41 i 


" " •' " ( Old Looms. 

;: :: :; :; ] :: ;: 


64.35 


.117 


4 


.469 


8.55^ 


53.90 


.098 


4 


.391 


10.20 S 


60. 


.109 


10 


1.090 


9.17 


" 11 II II 


64.50 


.117 


10 


1.170 


8.55 


" II II 11 


116.7 


.210 


8 


1.682 


4.76 


'I 11 11 II 


74.4 


.135 


8 


1.082 


7.41 


>i II II II 


71.86 


.131 


6 


.786 


7.83 


II 11 11 11 


59.60 


.108 


10 


1.084 


9.23 


II 11 II 11 


166. 


.302 


1 


.302 


3.31 


Dynamometer applied direct to Loom. DonbtfuL 


96.43 


.175 


1 


.175 


5.71 


11 11 11 11 II 


102.5 


.183 


1 


.183 


6.47 


" " old Loom, " 


85.70 


.156 


1 


.156 


6.41 


" " new " " 


80. 


.145 


2 


.290 


6.90 


" " C.-shaft. No donbt correct. 


87.16 


.158 


1 


.168 


6.33 


" " Loom quite new. DoubtftaL 


141.17 


.257 


1 


.257 


3.89 


11 11 II 11 11 


116.2 


.212 


1 


.212 


4.72 


" " old, 


63.44 


.116 


4 


.464 


8.62 


' " Counter-Shaft. Correct. 


77.60 


.144 


2 


.288 


7.09 


" " " New Loom, " 


55. 


.100 


1 


.100 


10. 


II Old " " 


63.33 


.115 


3 


.345 


8.70 


11 II u 


64.44 


.117 


3 


.357 


8.66 


II 1. II 


60.86 


.092 


4 


.370 


10.87 


11 11 11 


73. 


.133 


2 


.266 


7.52 


11 11 11 


80. 


.145 


2 


.289 


6.90 


" " " Old Loom. 


76. 


.138 


1 


.138 


7.25 


11 II 11 II 


57. 


.104 


2 


.207 


9.61 


II II II 11 


60. 


.091 


8 


.727 


11. 


II II 11 11 


32.5 


.059 


1 


.059 


17. 


" " direct to Looms. 


44.27 


.080 


1 


.080 


12.5 


11 U II 


61.12 


.111 


14 


1.561 


9. 


*' toSliaft. 


93.62 


.170 


12 


2.043 


6. 


It II 11 


92.6 


.168 


4 


.673 


6. 


«« tl M 


108. 


.196 


12 


2.361 


5.10 


II It (1 


108. 


.196 


12 


2.351 


5.10 


11 It l( 


63.44 


.115 


10 


1.163 


9. 


II II li 


56.50 


.103 


12 


1.233 


10. 


II tl » 



48 

COTTON-SPOOLERS. 



Date. 


Place. 


Descbiption. 


No. 

Spin. 


Rev. 
Spin. 


No. 
Yarn. 


Lb. p. 

Spin. 

1.18 


H. P. 


May, 1857 


Ind. Orc'd, Mass. 


Lowell Ma. S'p, upright, 


100 


936 


23 


0.215 


June, 1871 


Amoskeag, N'o. 3, 


Amoskeag Shop, 


80 


700 


10 


2.35 


.342 


Aug., " 


Manchaug, 


Saco W. P. Co., 


100 


663 


46 


.92 


.167 


Jan., 1872 


Whittenton, 


Mason, "Skein Sp'ler," 


60 


. . . . 


16 


3.11 


.340 


Mar., 1873 


Haydensville, 


Whitin, upright, " 


80 


800 


30 


3.62 


..527 


April, " 


Salmon Falls, 


Saco W. P. Oo. 


100 


700 


25 


1.80 


.327 


May, " 


Rockport, 


u u 


70 


1,000 


28 


2.82 


.359 


11 u 


Masconomet, 


Lewiston Ma. Shop, 


80 


600 


30 


1.57 


.228 


u a 


Weetamoe, 


William Mason, 


180 


640 


29 


.81 


.192 


Sept., " 


Atlantic Mill, 


Lowell Ma. Shop, 


96 


700 


15 


1.62 


.282 


Nov., " 


Granite Mill, 


George Draper & Son, 


80 


630 


29 


1.28 


.186 



COTTON-TWISTERS. 



Date. 


June, 


1871 


Nov., 


u 


Jan., 


1872 


Nov., 


u 


u 


u 



Place. 



Derry Mills, 

Stark Mills, 
Whittenton Mill, 
Dale Silk Mill, 
Paterson, N. J., 



Description. 



j Ring Frame used as [ 
( Oass. Yarn-Twister, ) 
Duck " 

Mason's Ring,No. 17 Y'n 
English Flier-Twister, 



Diam 


No. 


Rev. 


Lb. p. 


Ring. 


Spin. 


Spin. 


Spin. 


Hm 


100 


5,186 


12.50 


3i 


80 


2,812 


10. 


H 


48 


3,400 


9.23 




100 


3,897 


4.30 


.... 


112 


3,005 


3.30 



H. P. 



2.273 

1.467 
.805 
.783 
.673 



COTTON-WARPERS. 



Date. 


June, 


1871 


Aug., 
Jan., 


a 
1872 


May, 
Nov., 





Place. 



Manchaug, 
Whittenton, 
Masconomet, 
Granite, 



Desoeiftion. 



Lewiston English Box, 

Mason, 

Lewiston, 

English, 



No. 
Yarn. 


No. 
Ends. 


H. P. 


10 


230 


0.171 


46 


383 


0.118 


9 


240 


0.119 


32 


400 


0.177 


29 


358 


0.113 



COTTON-DRESSERS. 



Date. 


Place. 


Description. 


No. 
Yam. 


No. 
Ends. 


Yards 
p.Min 


Lb. p. 

Sec. 


H. p. 


June, 1871 
Jan., 1872 
Mar., " 


Amoskeag, 

Whittenton, 

Haydensville, 


Amoskeag Co., Old Style 
Mason's " 
Whitin's " 


10 

9 

23 


1,872 
1,920 
2,300 


4 
10 

7 


627 

1,177 
1,060 


1.141 
2.139 
1.927 



May, 1871 
Aug., 1872 
May, " 
April, 1873 
May, " 



Amoskeag, 
Manchaug, 
Rockport, 
Olint'n, Woon'kt, 
Weetamoe, F. R., 



SLASHERS. 

Howard & Bullough, 



28 


2,720 


20. 


869. 


46 


2,298 


28.57 


855. 


28 


2,592 


24. 


702. 


31 


2,800 


38.57 


583.'^ 


29 


1,728 


30. 


395. 



1.581 
1.555 
1.277 
1.061 
702 



49 



MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY AND TOOLS. 



Datb. 



June, 1871 
Jan., 1872 



July, 1871 
May, 1872 
July, 1871 



Jan., 1872 

May, " 

Mar., " 

Nov., " 

u u 

May, " 

u u 

Nov., " 

May, " 

Nov., " 



May, 1873 



June, " 

u ' u 



Place. 



Amoskeag Mills, 
Whittenton " 



Langdon " 
Rockport, 
Langdon Mills, 



Whittenton, 
Rockport, Mass., 

u u 

C Paterson, N. J., 
■< Whitney's Sew- 
( ing Ma. Man., 
Rockport, Mass., 

u u 

Paterson, N. J., 

u u 

Rockport, Mass., 
Paterson, N. J., 



j Whitney's Shop, 
i Paterson, N. J., 



Manch'r P. W., 



( Underbill Edge 
\ Tool Co., Nash- 
( ua, N. H., 

j Collins Axe Co., 
i Collinsville, Ct., 



Descbiption. 



< 1 Filling- Winder, on No. 34 
I Yarn, 100 Spindles, 
1 Fil. Wind., 17 Yarn, 80 Spin., 
1 Reel ; Skeins per 60 Spin., 
1 Folding Ma., 70 yds. per min. 
1 " " 75 " 
1 " ^' 70 " 
1 Cloth Shear, 4 Blades, f 
Fan to same, J 

Total, [ 

1 Cloth Shear, 5 Blades & Fan, 
( 1 Cloth Shear, 3 Blades and 
I Fan, 1,200 Rev. [hard wood 
1 Cir. Saw, 18 in. diam., 3 in. 
1 "9 in., 1 in. pine wood, 
j 1 Small engine Lathe, on 3-8 
( inch Iron, [cut, 1 in. Iron, 
1 6 ft. Windsor Lathe, heavy 
1 Upright Drill, 3-4 in. Drill, 
j 1 Upright Press Drill, 4 Sp., 
( only 1 cutting, 1-4 in. hole, 
1 Crank-Planer, 2 in. stroke, 
1 5 ft. " 4 ft. " 

j 1 Profiling Machine, 1-4 in. 
] Cutter, quick speed, [speed, 
1 Pro. Ma., li in. Cutter, slow 
1 Milling Ma., small work, 
j 1 Small screw-cutting En- 
] gine, i in. Screws, 
j 3 Polishing- Wheels, 12 in. 
I Diam., 1^ in. Face, 
1 Log- Wash. Ma. in Bleach'y, 
1 Roll, 10ft. long, 20 in. Diam. 

1 a u 27 " 

1 Grindstone, 6 ft. Diam., ) 
12 in. face, grinding Axes, \ 

1 Grindstone, 6.6 in. Diam., 
18 in. face, grinding Axes, in 
Wood Boxes, 
do. do. in Iron " 
Stone in Revolution alone, 
1 Stone, 3 ft. 10 in. Diam,, 
11 in. Face, grinding in 
Wood Boxes. 
1 do., 2 ft. 8 in. Diam., 12^ in. 
Face, grind, in Wood Boxes, 
1 Polishing Wh'l, 1 ft. Diam., 
3 in. face, on Axes. 



Revolu. 


Ft. Lb. 


2,910 


793. 


2,000 

180 

.... 

2,000 
516 


484. 
. 76.5 

164. 
69. 

216. 
1171. 

526. 




1697. 
2275. 


2,070 


2,056 


1645. 


1,300 
4,000 


700. 
900. 




51. 






116. 
88. 






168.75 






125. 
135. 






152. 






147. 
121. 






122. 


1,000 


633. 


)' ibb 

\ 120 


7650. 


84 


1680. 


175 


6260. 


175 
175 


5263. 
2807. 


229 


4300. 


229 


3645. 


1,320 


658. 



H. P. 



1.442 

.870 
.140 
.300 
.126 
.393 
2.130 
.957 



3.087 

4.136 

3.000 

1.273 
1.637 

.092 

.212 
.160 

.307 

.227 
.245 

.276 

.267 
.220 

.222 
1.151 



13.818 
3.055 

11.383 

9.57 
5.103 

7.810 

6.627 
1.200 



50 



FIiAZ MACHINERY. 



Date. 


Place. 


Dbscbiption. 


Size. 


AprU, 1871 


Stark Mills, Man- 


1 1st Drawing-Frame, " Tow," 


4 Deliveries, 


u u 


chester, N. H., 


1 2d 


6 " 


(( (C 


(( 


1 Roving Frame, " 


48 Spindles, 


(( u 


(( 


1 Fairbairn's Spinning Fra. " 


108 " 


u u 


a 


1 Long Line Spreader, " Flax," 


1 Delivery, 


u u 


u 


1 " Ist Drawing, " 


2 Deliveries, 


(( (( 


i( 


1 " 2d " " 


6 " 


(( u 


(1 


1 " Roving Frame, " 


48 Spindles, 


U C( 


a 


1 Fairbairn's Wet Spinning-Frame 


116 " 


(( u 


a 


ILawson's " " » " 


116 " 


Nov., 1872 


Arkwright Mills, 


1 Long Line Spreader, 


1 Delivery, 


u a 


Paterson, N. J., 


1 2d Drawing-Frame, 


3 Deliveries, 


U (( 


(( 


1 Roving-Frame, 


40 Spindles, 


u Cl 


(( 


1 Wet Spinning, 


96 


U (( 


(( 


1 Twine-Polisher, 


Ordi'ry Pressure, 


(( u 


u 


u 


Ex. Heavy " 



WOOL MACHINERY. 

WOOL-CARDS. 



Date. 


Place. 


Description. 


Width. 


Diam. 


Eevolu. 


Ft. Lb. 


H.P. 


Jan., 1871 
Oct., 1871 


Derry MiUs, 
Manchester P.W. 


C 1 Davis & Fur- 
< ber 2d Breaker, 
( 6 Workers. 
( 1 Double Oylin. 
] Card, 10 Work., 


40 

40 
40 


48 in. 

48 " 
48 " 


96 

130 
82 


500 

700 
659 


.910 

1.273 
1.179 



WOOL-JACKS. 



Date. 


PlAOE. 


Description. 


Eevolu. 


DRAFT. 


TWIST. 


Ft. U). 


H. P. 


Ft. Lb. 


H. P. 


June, 1871 


Derry Mills, 


j 1 Davis & Fur- 
i ber, 200 Spin., 


2,457 


431 


.784 


361 


.657 



FLAX MACHINERY. 



51 



Draught. 


Gills Speed. 


Rolls Speed. 


Spindle Speed. 


Ft. Lb. per 
Second. 


Horse-Power. 


8. to 1 


180 per min. 

180 " 




590 
2,665 

"540 
2,925 
3,176 

2*706 


340 

632 

1,297 

1,860 

560 

427 

604 

1,132 

2,335 

2,702 

520 

790 

1,077 

1,903 

1,653 

2,853 


0.619 
1.149 
2.358 
3.382 
1.018 
.767 
1.097 
2.058 
4 246 


7. " 1 
8.i " 1 
6. " 1 


100 Revol'ns, 

30 " 
70 " 




30. " 1 
16. " 1 


54 per min. 
108 " 
102 " 
130 " 


14. " 1 

12. " 1 

7.89 " 1 


84 " 
108 " 

39 " 

40 " 


7.89 " 1 




4 913 






.947 
1 486 














1 957 








3 460 








3.005 








5 186 











WOOL MACHINERY.— (Cow«mwe<?.) 
WOOLEN-LOOMS. 



Date. 


Plaob. 


Desceeption. 


Width. 


Harness 


'Picks' 
per min. 


Ft. 
Lbs. 


H.P. 


June, 1871 


Derry Mills, 
a 

j Manchest. Print 
] Works. 


1 Satinet Loom. 
j 1 Broad Oromp- 
] ton Loom, 

1 " < 

1 Thomas, 


36 in. 




95 
86 

86 
65 


122 

285 

348 
233 


.221 


u 

Oct., 1871 


90 " 

90 " 
108 " 


:!0 

10 
10 


.519 

.633 

.424 



FINISHING-MACHINERY.— ( Continued.) 



Date. 


Place. 


Dbsceiption. 


Revola. 


Ft. Lb. 


H.P. 


June, 1871 
(( 

C( 


Derry Mills, 
(( 

u 

u 
(( 


1 Broad Gig, 54 inches, empty, 
" set light, old Teazles, 
" set heavy, nevr " 

1 Rotary Fulling-Mill, 

[ton & Co., 
1 38 in. Hydro-Ex., Rice, Bar- 
1 30 in. Hydro-Ex., Laconia Pat,, 


160 
160 
160 

126 

580 
630 


279 

570 

1,100 

1,395 

1,100 
999 


.507 

.927 

2.000 

2.536 

2.000 
1.817 



52 



TESTS or SHAFTING. 



Date. 


Place. 


Length. 


Diameter. 


Weight. 


Weight of 
Pulleys. 


Total 
Weight. 


April 1871 


Amoskeag Mills, 


8 ft. 6 in. 


2i inc. 


101 lb. 


5771b. 


6781b. 


u 


(( 


34 


u 


404 


1,974 


2,378 


n 


u 


114 


u 


1,366 


1,859 


3,225 


(1 


u 


228 


u 


2,732 


3,617 


6,349 


u 


(( 


342 


u 


4,098 


5,331 


9,429 




\ 


16 

178 


2f inc. ) 
2i " \ 


2,427 


2,988 


5,415 


u 


u 


10 ft. 4 in. 


H " ~ 








u 


(( 


80 


n " 








a 


41 


32 


n " ■ 


3,910 


5,393 


9,303 


a 


U 


48 


2f " 1 








(( 


(( 


32 


H " J 








July, 1871 


" f 


10 


2f " ) 








u 


" < 


48 


H " I 


1,289 


1,456 


2,745 


u 


u r 


32 


H " ) 








u 


u 


Similar line 






1,006 


2,295 


(( 


i 


34 


2f " ) 








(( 


] 


32 


2f " } 


1,484 


1,736 


3,220 


u 


( 


32 


n " ) 










" I 


10 ft. 4 in. 
176 


2| " I 


2,336 


2,999 


5,335 


l( 


u 


Similar line 




2,336 


2,999 


5,335 


Jan., 1872 


Whittenton Mills, 


Ab't 200 ft. 


2i " 


2,700* 






Feb., 1872 


Langdon " 


24 ft. 10 in 


H " 


295 


'"356 


'"645' 


Mar., 1872 


Haydensville, 


42 


2i " 


428 






April 1, '72 


j Salmon Falls, 
1 N. H., 


9 
281 


4 " I 


3,151 


2,354 


5,805 


AprU 2, '72 


u 


Same shaft. 




3,151 


2,354 


5,805 


May, 1872 


RockportjMass. 


Oft. 10 in 


3 " 1 












32 
32 


2f " 
2i " ■ 


1,987 


2,000* 


3,987 . 






96 


1| " . 








May, 1872 


Masconom't M'l f 
Newburyport, 


10 ft. 8 in. 

24 


3 " ~ 
21 " 










■ 


127 ft. 1 in. 
64 


2i » . 
2 " 
If " 


3,554 


4,268 


7,882 






64 ft. 3 in. 








Nov., 1872 


Paterson, N. J., 


100 


If " 


unkn'wn 


unkn'wn 


unkn'wn 


Nov., 1873, 


Granite Mills, ) 
Fall River, ( 


Ab't 200 ft. 


2 " 


(( 


u 


u 



• Estimated. 



TESTS OP SHAFTING. 



53 



No. of 
Bear'gs. 


Rev. per 
Minute. 


Ft. Lbs. 


Horse- 
Power. 


Coeff. 
Friction 


Remarks. 


2 

8 

15 

30 

47 


216 
216 
216 
216 
216 


49 

196 

325 

650 

1,022 


.089 

.357 

.590 

1.181 

1.858 


.0336 
.0413 
.0500 
.0501 
.0552 


CONTINUOUS OILING. [Kerosene Oils mixed- 
Single Counter. Dreyfuss Pat. Oiler. Sperm and 
4 Count's like above. Connected with Belts. Same 
Single line. Oilers as above. [Oils mixed- 

2 Lines like above connected. Oils, etc., same. 

3 " " " " 


25 


216 


378 


.687 


.0338 


Single line, " " 


26 


210 


873 


1.587 


.0334 


Single line, Oils, etc., same. 


12 

12 


150 
150 


275 

217 


.499 
.394 


.0640 
.0610 


ORDINABT OrLINQ. 

Single line. Oiled in ordinary way, daily. Tallow 
in Boxes, as safeguard in case of Heating. 


13 


150 


291 


.537 


.059 


.. 


24 


211 


793 


1.442 


.0759 


Single line. Had been oiled a. it., test at H a. m. 


24 

"i' 
5 


211 
155 
210 
120 


679 
314 
143 

147 


1.234 
.571 
.260 
.267 


.0650 
.114" 


" " Taken just after oiling. 

" " Sprung in centre by pull of Belt. 


31 
31 


211 
211 


857 
619 


1.558 
1.120 


.0714 
.0516 


" " Tallow in Boxes, taken at coon ; had 
been oiled early in a. m. 
Tallow removed from Boxes, and sponge saturated 
in oil substituted. Time of testing as before. 


30 


185 


376 


.685 


.0568 


Oiled daily in usual manner. 


37 


245 


1,028 


1.870 


.0585 


" " 


11 


170 


184 


.335 




Dreyfuss Oilers. 


.... 


200 


302 


.549 




" 



TESTS FROM 1874-79. 



56 



POWER OF COTTON 



Date. 



Jan., 1874 
Feb., 1874 



Mar., 1874 



April, 1874 
May, 1874 

Aug., 1874 
Mar., 1875 



July, 1875 
Nov., 1875 
Aug., 1876 



Place. 



^ Clipper Mills, ) 
] Baltimore,Md. ) 

{ Jackson Co., 
( Nashua, 

Boott Mills, } 



I Whittenton } 
I Mills, Taunt'n, f 



Lowell, 



Stark Mills, | 
Manchester, ) 



Nashua Mfg. Co., 

j China Mills, ) 

( Suncook, ) 

I Webster Mills, { 

I Suncook, J 

] China Mills, [ 

( Suncook, ) 
Appleton Mills, 



Boott Mills, 
Prescott Mill, 



Machine. 



Kitson Lapper, 
Whitehead & Ath- 
erton. Old Pattern, 

Kitson's Compound, 



New Pattern, 
"Broken Beaters," 
Kitson's Compound, 

Regular Pattern, 
Same Machine, 1st 
pair Beaters re- 
moved, and White- 
head Whipper put 
in place. 
Same Machine, Tooth- 
ed Beater substitut- 
ed by Kitson, 
Same Machine, 4 
Bladed Beater in 
place of Tooth'd Btr., 
Kitson Compound, 



r- 



Regular Pattern, 



Same Machine, 

Similar, 

I Whitehead & Ather- ) 

< ton Compound, 1 > 

( Whipper, 1 Beater, ) 

1. Kitson Compound, 



1. Whitin Lapper, 

j Whitehead & Ather- I 

I ton Opener, J 

( Kitson's Atmospheric ) 
"I Opener, J 

j Kitson's New Feed ) 
] Motion, ) 



No. of 
Beaters. 



Diam. 

Beaters. 



16 in. 

18 in. 

2. 12 in. 

2. 16 in. 

1. 9 in. 

1. 12 in. 

2. 16 in. 
2. 16 in. 
2. 12 in. 

1. 24 in. 

2. 16 in. 



1. 24 in. 

2. 16 in. 

1. 24 in. 

2. 16 in. 

2. 12 in. 

2. 16 in. 



24 in. 
16 in. 

12 in. 
16 in. 

16 in. 



1 1 



j 2 Disks 
( 2 Beaters 



12 in. 
1. 24 in. 
16 in. 



16 in. 
16 in. 



Eev. per 
Minute. 



1,380 
1,380 

1,380 

700 

950 

1,380 

1,390 



1,000 
1,390 



1,390 

933 
1,390 

1,390 

1,390 
1,400 
1,150 

1,130 
1,500 

1,450 

1,300 

1,700 
1,080 
1,380 
1. 620 
1. 666 
1.1,200 
1.1,430 

240 



PICKERS AND LAFPERS. 



57 



No.ofi Rev. per 
Fans. I Minute. 



1. 1,730 

2. 1,380 

1,390 



1. 1,000 

2. 1,390 



1. 1,000 

2. 1,390 

933 
1,390 

1,390 

1,390 
1,400 
1,150 

1. 1,700 
1. 1,500 



1,450 

1,300 

1,400 
1,380 

1,500 
1,480 
1,440 



Wt. Lap 
per Yd. 



1,380 16 oz 
1,380 12 oz, 

1,380 



13 oz, 



14 oz 



15 oz, 
15 oz. 



19^ oz. 



15i oz 



15 oz 



17 oz 

13 oz 

17 oz 

11 oz 



18 oz, 

8 oz, 

7 oz, 

12 oz 

14 oz, 

16 oz. 



Lbs. per 
Day. 


Ft. lb. 
Power. 


Horse- 
Power. 


3,930 


4,380.53 


7.969 


3,600 


5,883.33 


10.607 


3,840 


5,674.70 


10.318 


4,800 


4,525.64 


8.228 


3,300 
3,350 


8,142.86 
6,308.31 


14.805 
11.505 


4,420 


5,000 


9.091 


3,350 


6,588 


11.978 


3,320 


7,521 


13.678 


4,000 


6,766 


12.302 


3,060 
4,000 
2,220 


6,394 

7,208 
4,800 


11.623 
13.105 

8.725 


5,370 
5,000 


4,349 

4,814 


7.907 
8.754 


4,000 


6,300 


11.453 


2,700 


3,361.61 


6.112 


1,600 
3,000 
3,400 


2,844.44 
3,219.51 
3,463.42 


5.172 
5.854 
6.3 


4,000 


4,200 


7.636 


4,000 


193.85 


.352 



Eemabks. 



Opening from Bale. Without cotton, 5.812 H.P, 
" " " " " 7.969 H.P. 

" 8.846 H.P 

" " 5.950 H.P. 

Carded & Dyed Cotton." " 9.177 H.P. 



Opening from Bale. 



Carded & Dyed Cotton. " 



Cotton from Bale, 



Previously opened \ „ 

Cotton, ) 

Cotton from Bale. 



As running. 

Cotton from Bale. " 

Fed heavier on Aprons. 

Cotton from Bale. " 

Tested separate from Picker. 



'' 7.102 H.P. 

" 6.711 H.P. 

" 8.082 H.P. 

" 10.752 H.P. 

" 11.189 H.P. 
" 7,027 H.P. 

" 5.793 H.P. 

" 5.442 H.P. 
'■ 4.08 H.P. 

■= 6.886 H.P. 



58 



COTTON CARDS. 



Date. 


Place. 


Maeeb. 


Width. 


Rev. per 
Minute. 


March, 


1875 


China Mills, Suncook, 


Wm. Mason Breaker, 


36 in. 


127 


a 




K (( it 


" " Finisher, 


36 in. 


127 


" 


(( 


Pembroke Mills, " 


" " Breaker, 


36 in. 


127 


(1 


(1 


U 1( (( 


" " Finisher, 


36 in. 


127 


«' 


'< 


Webster Mills, " 


" " Breaker, 


36 in. 


127 


i( 


(( 


a a (' 


" " Finisher, 


36 in. 


127 


April, 


(( 


Newton, Mass., 


0. Fetter " 


36 in. 


128 


August, 


1876 


Mass. Mills, Lowell, 


Lowell Ma. Shop Finisher, 


36 in. 


125 


" 


i( 


t( 11 (I 


" " " Breaker, 


36 in. 


125 


(1 


K 


<( (( u 


Foss & Pevev, Single, 


36 in. 


125 


April, 


1877 


Lockwood Mills, 


Saco W. P. Co. Breaker, 


36 in. 


133 


(( 


u 


Waterville, Maine, 


" " " Finisher, 


36 in. 


133 


(( 


(( 


« (( 


" ■ " " Single, 


36 in. 


133 



RAILWAYS FOR CARDS. 



Date. 


Place. 


Makes. 


March, 


1875 


China Mills, Suncook, 


Wm. Mason Breaker, 


11 


11 


11 11 II 


" " Finisher, 


II 


11 


Webster " " 


II II 11 


i( 


II 


Pembroke " " 


11 11 II 


11 


II 


Newton, Mass., 


II II II 


August, 


1876 


Mass. Mills, Lowell, 


Lowell Finisher, 


11 


11 


11 11 11 


" Foss & Pevey Finisher, 


April, 


1877 


Lockwood Mills, Waterville, 


" Breaker, 


11 


(1 


II 11 11 


" Finisher, 



COTTON DRAWING-FRAMES. 



Date. 



March, 1875 



Place. 



China Mills, Suncook, 
(I II II 

Webster " " 

II II II 

Pembroke " " 

11 II 11 

Newton Mills, Newton, Mass., 



Maker. 


No. Eoll3. 


Mason, 1st, 


4 


" 2d, 


4 


" 1st, 


4 


" 2d, 


4 


" 1st, 


4 


" 2d, 


4 


Whitin, 1st, 


4 


" 2d, 


4 



COTTON CARDS. 



59 



Lb. per Day. 


Ft. Lbs. each. 


H. P. each. 


Cards per KaU- 
way. 


H. P. Railway. 


Ko. of Cards per 
H. P., including 
Railway. 


45 


149.60 


.272 


40 


1.361 


3.27 


46 


149.60 


.272 


9 


.659 


2.90 


45 


145.65 


.265 


40 


1.360 


3.34 


46 


145.65 


.265 


9 


.424 


3.20 


45 


180 


.327 








45 


137.5 


.250 


9 


.521 


3.25 


63 


80 


.145 


14 


.846 


4.86 


65 


146.08 


.266 


8 


.473 


3.07 


65 


159.11 


.283 








65 


192.77 


.350 


8 


.554 


2.38 


48 


97 


.177 


72 


2.085 


4.85 


48 


75.60 


.137 


12 


.646 


5.48 


2Y 


61.92 


.112 


12 


.546 


6.35 



RAILWAYS FOR CARDS. 



No. of Cards. 


Dlam. F. Roll. 


40 


12 in. 


9 


liin. 


9 


Hin. 


9 


l+in. 


14 


Uin. 


8 


1+in. 


8 


l^in. 


72 


12 in. 


12 


Hin. 



Rev. F. Roll. 



12 
445 

370 
340 
570 
350 
350 
12 
300 



Draft. 



4.21 
3.50 
3.50 
3.50 



Wt. Sliver. 



8 oz. 

95 gr. 

89 gr. 

89 gr. 

120 gr. 



90 gr. 



Ft. Lbs. per Sec. 


H.-Power. 


748.91 


1.361 


362.5 


.659 


286.86 


.521 


233.33 


.424 


465.22 


.846 


505 


.554 


260 


.473 


1,145.83 


2.085 


300.3 


.546 



COTTON DRAWING-FRAMES. 



Rev. Rolls. 


Doublings. 


Draft. 


No. of Deliv- 
eries. 


Ft. Lb. per 
Delivery. 


H. P. per 

Delivery. 


Total H. P, 


340 


4 


4.24 


4 


126.13 


.229 


.917 


348 


2 


4.08 


8 


63.06 


.114 


.917 


280 


4 


4.12 


4 


106.25 


.194 


.776 


370 


2 


4.12 


8 


75 


.135 


1.091 


310 


4 


4.50 


3 


141.02 


.25 


.769 


380 


2 


4.50 


6 


86.24 


.157 


.941 


312 


3 


4 


8 


80.60 


.147 


1.173 ■ 


390 


3 


4 


6 


123.50 


.224 


1.345 



60 



ROVING FRAMES. 



Date. 


Place. 


Makses. 


Size of 
Bobbin. 


No. 
Spin. 


Eev. 

Spin. 


Diam. 
of Boll. 


Aug., 1874 


I Amoskeag Co., 


Howard &Bullough, 


10x5 


56 


620 


1* 


U 11 


i Manchester, 




9x4.5 


68 


602 


11 


(I 11 


( 


11 11 


7x3.5 


116 


930 


(1 


Jan., 1811 


1 Conant Thread Co., 


Higgins & Sons, 


5x2.5 


140 


1120 


(1 


11 (1 


1 Pawtucket, 


Prov. Machine Co., 




148 


1260 


<( 


April, " 


( Lockwood Mills, 


Saco W. P. Co., 


11x5.5 


64 


700 


H 


11 11 


■| Waterville, Maine, 


" 


10x4 


88 


855 


H 


11 11 


i 11 11 


11 


7x3.5 


160 


1175 


t( 


Dec, " 


( Whittenton Mills, 


Prov. Machine Co., 


It 


128 


1100 


" 


11 K 


i " 


Wm. Mason, 




11 


900 


11 



DEAD SPINDLE 



Date. 


Place. 


Makee. 


Size of 


No. 


Eev. 


Diam. of 








Bobbin. 


Spin. 


Spin. 
625 


F. Roll. 


Sept., 1873 




^Atlantic Mills, 


Lowell Shop Speeder 


12 X 6 


34 


1* 


11 11 




Lawrence, 


<i 11 11 


12 x6 


34 


600 


1+ 


11 11 






11 II 11 


10.5x4.5 


36 


750 


1+ 


II 11 






" Intermediate 


9.5x4.5 


58 


900 


1-,% 


11 11 


■{ 




II 11 


9.5 X 4.5 


58 


900 


itV 


11 11 






11 It 


9.5x4.5 


58 


900 


l-h 


11 11 






" Fine Speeder 


8.5x3.5 


72 


1200 


1* 


II 11 






11 11 It 


8.5x4.5 


50 


900 


14 


" " 






" Intermediate 


9.5x4.5 


58 


900 


lA 


Mar., 1875 




China Mills, 


0. Pettee, 1st, 


9 x4.5 


30 


800 


li 


II 11 




Suncook, 


2d, 


1 x3 


78 


1420 


H 


11 11 




Webster Mills, 


1st, 


8 x4 


28 


820 


H 


II u 


Suncook, 


" 2d, 


61 X 3 


78 


1500 


n 


11 II 




Pembroke Mills, 


1st, 


8 x4 


24 


800 


li 


11 11 




Suncook, 


2d, 


6 x3 


72 


1420 


H 


11 11 




" 


" 1st, 


9 x4 


40 


800 


H 


11 11 




Newton Upper Falls, 


1st, 


9 x4 


36 


864 


li 


II 11 


Newton, Mass, 


1st, 


10 X 5 


36 


593 


li 



ROVING FRAMES. 



61 



Kev. 


Draft. 


From 


To 


Ft. Lb. 


Ft. Lb. 


H.P. 


Spindles 




Boll. 








Frame. 


Spindle. 


Frame. 
1.163 


per H.P. 
48.1 




193 


4.5'7 


'?V.g. 


0.52tk 


639.99 


11.43 


Average -1 full. 


143 


4 


0.52 hk 


1.04 


422.98 


6.22 


.768 


88.4 




120 


6 


1.04 " 


3 


636 


5.48 


1.156 


100 




80 


8 


5 " 


20 


554.54 


3.96 


1.008 


140 




82 


8 


5 " 


20 


393.33 


2.66 


.715 


207 




168 


4 


.55 gr. 


0.60 


820 


12.81 


1.491 


43 




145 


5 


0.60 hk 


1.50 


820 


9.31 


1.491 


59 




129 


5.80 


1.50 " 


4.70 


930.43 


5.81 


1.701 


94.5 




1-75 


a 


2 




1290 


10.21 


2.345 


55 


" " New Frame. 


14V 


(1 


2 " 





-760 


5.94 


1.3S2 


93 


" " Old Frame. 



ROVING FRAMES. 



Kev. 
F 


Draft. 


From 


To 


Ft. Lb. 


Ft. Lb. 


H.P.' 


Spindles 


Notes. 


EoU. 








Frame. 


SpiQdle. 


Frame. 


per H.P. 




198 


3.06 


89 g. 


0.30tk 


541.66 


16 


.984 


34 Bobbin i f i 


lU. 


185 


4.54 


a 


0.49 


441.41 


13 


.800 


42.5 " 


( 


152 


4.30 


(( 


0.45 


472.44 


13.12 


.869 


42 " 


t 


190 


6.04 


0.49 hk 


1.25 


704 


12.14 


1.280 


45.30 


' as running. 


190 


6.04 


" 


1.25 


670 


11.67 


1.219 


47.25 " 


' freshly oiled. 


190 


6.04 


u 


1.25 


700 


12.08 


1.273 


45.50 


' similar frame as 


173 


3.68 


1 " 


1.81 


863 


12 


1.570 


46 " 


' as run'g. [r'g. 


116 


7.75 


0.45 " 


1.81 


512.29 


10.24 


.931 


53.60 


' as running. 


200 


5.78 


0.30 " 


1 


576 


10 


1.048 


55 " 




166 


5.97 


50 g. 


1.25 


388.23 


12.94 


.706 


42.5 " 


1 « 


127 


7.03 


1.25 " 


3.71 


1200 


15.38 


2.182 


35.76 




170 


5.97 


45 g. 


1.25 


465.12 


16.61 


.846 


32 " 




148 


7.03 


1.25 


3.71 


1480.52 


18.97 


2.692 


29 




166 


5.97 


45 gr. 


1.25 


512.5 


21.35 


.932 


26 " 




140 


8.03 


1.25 " 


4.12 


1333.33 


18.52 


2,484 


30 




150 


5.32 


45 gr. 


1.20 


712.50 


17.87 


1.297 


31 " 




157 


12.82 


88 " 


1.50 


529.41 


14.73 


.963 


37.4 " 




153 


8.32 


loo gr. 


1.50 


342.31 


9.51 


.622 


57.8 


' New Pattera, 



62 



RING SPINNING. 



Date. 


Place. 


Description. 


Diam. 
Ring. 


No. 
Spin. 


Weight 
Spindle. 


Rev. 

Spin. 


Rev. 
RoU. 


Mar., 1874 


j Whittenton Mills, ) 
l Taunton, Mass., ) 


Wm. Mason, 


If in. 


160 


12 oz. 


5,000 


110 


»l u 


11 


11 11 


11 


160 


" 


5,000 


110 


June, " 


Lawrence Manuf. Co., 


Lowell M. Shop, 


If 


224 


12i 


5,095 


82 


Jan., 1875 


( China Mills, ) 
1 Suncook, N. H., C 


Wm. Mason, 


11 


128 


14 


5,000 


61 


i< (1 


^ 11 11 ' 


11 11 


II 


128 


11 


4,600 


56 


Feb., " 


Renfrew Co., S. Adams, 


Whitin, 


11 


144 


12 


5,000 


96 


Mar., " 


China Mill, Suncook, 


Wm. Mason, 


11 


128 


14 


5,160 


66 


it u 


II II It 


11 II 


11 


128 


" 


5,000 


64 


11 11 


Webster MiIl,Suncook, 


II II 


H 


128 


11 


5,000 


64 


i( It 


11 II 11 


II II 


II 


128 


11 


5,160 


66 


II 11 


II 11 II 


II II 


II 


128 


" 


5,160 


66 


11 11 


11 II II 


II 11 


II 


128 


" 


5,160 


66 


11 11 


II 11 II 


11 II 


11 


112 


11 


5,000 


64 


11 11 


11 II II 


II II 


II 


112 


11 


5,075 


65 


(1 11 


Pembroke Mill, " 


Saco W. P. Shop 


II 


112 


12 


5,080 


58 


11 II 


11 II II 


11 II 11 


11 


112 


" 


5,080 


58 


II 11 


11 11 II 


II II 11 


11 


112 


11 


5,080 


58 


11 11 


Newton Falls, Mass., 


11 II 11 


If 


128 


11 


5,120 


68 


II 11 


11 11 11 


11 11 II 


11 


128 


11 


5,120 


67 


II 11 


11 11 11 


11 11 11 


11 


128 


11 


5,060 


66 


11 I'l 


II 11 11 


11 11 11 


11 


128 


It 


5,060 


66 


11 11 


II 11 11 


11 11 II 


11 


128 


11 


5,120 


64 


11 11 


11 11 11 


11 11 11 


11 


128 


" 


5,120 


72 


April, " 


Manchester Mills, 


11 11 11 


II 


192 


IH 


5,757 


71 


11 11 


11 II 


11 U 11 


11 


192 


" 


5,757 




11 11 


11 11 


11 11 u 


" 


128 


. 11 


5,700 


61.5 


II 11 


11 II 


11 11 II 


11 


128 


II 


5,700 


61.5 


11 II 


11 II 


11 11 11 


11 


128 


" 


5,700 


61.5 


11 11 


U 11 


11 11 11 


11 


128 


" 


5,700 


61.5 


July, " 


Pacific Mills, 


Whitin, 


11 


160 


12 


5,030 


63 


11 II 


11 II 


II 


11 


160 


11 


5,030 


61.5 


11 II 


11 11 


II 


11 


160 


" 


5,030 


61.5 


II 11 


11 11 


II 


II 


160 


It 


5,030 


61.5 


April, 1876 


York Mills, Saco, 


Saco W. P. Shop 


11 


128 


111 


6,800 


82 


II 11 


11 11 II ) 


SacoW.P.Sh. ( 
Old Throstle, y 




128 


j flier, \ 
} 3.40 f 


3,610 


60 


June, " 


Everett Mills,Lawrence 


Lowell Sh., 0. T. 




128 


11 


3,750 


57 


April, 1877 
11 11 


Clinton, Woonsocket, 

11 11 


Whitin, 

11 


11 


128 

128 


12 


5,670 
5,670 


71 
71 


Dec, 1875 


Jackson Co., Nashua, 


Lowell Throstle, 




192 


flier, 4 oz. 


3,260 


93 


Nov., 1877 


Atlantic Mills, 


" Shop Ring 


11 


176 


13i- 


5,022 


88 


Dec, " 


Whittenton Mills, 


Wm. Mason, 


HI 


128 


12 


4,800 


128 


Jan., 1878 


Amoskeag Mills, 


Amoskeag Co., 


H 


128 


11 


3,910 


89 


June, " 


j Lyman Mills No. 1 ) 
( Holyoke, f 


Whitin, 


If 


128 


12 


4,200 


132 


II 11 


( 


11 
Whitin, alter'd ) 


11 


128 


It 


4,200 


132 


11 11 


" ! 


to light Spin- > 
die No. 1. ) 


1-1% 


128 


n 


5,593 


116 


II 11 


11 


11 


" 


128 


<' 


5,593 


116 


II 11 


II 


a 


II 


128 


.11 


5,593 


116 


11 11 


i 


No. 2, different ) 
form of spindle ) 


II 


128 


It 


5,593 


116 


11 11 


" 


" 


II 


128 


11 


5,593 


116 


II 11 


11 


11 


II 


128 


It 


5,593 


116 



ORDINARY SPINDLE. 



63 



Draft. 


Eov'g. 


Tarn. 


Ft. Lb. 
Frame. 


Ft. Lb. 
Spin. 


H. P. 

Fr'me. 


Spindles 
perH.P. 




Kemabes. 


1 


2 


14 warp. 


1,212.50 


7.58 


2.205 


72.5 


Average half full. Heavy Bobbin, 1 oz. 


1 


2 


14 " 


1,149.37 


7.18 


2.090 


76.6 


" 


" " Light Bobbin, i oz. 


8 


2.25 


18 " 


1,324.56 


5.93 


2.405 


93 


" 


" " Hus^ey's Banding. 


im 


3.54 


28 " 


878.12 


6.86 


1.596 


80.2 


" 


" " 


7.92 


3.54 


28 " 


638.24 


4.99 


1.160 


110 


" 


u u 


8 


2 


15 " 


977.28 


6.75 


1.717 


81.5 


" 


" " 


7.'72 


3.71 


28.50" 


857.14 


6.70 


1.543 


83 


" 


" " Bands rather tight. 


7.72 


3.71 


28.50" 


763.16 


5.96 


1.387 


92.5 


" 


" " " easy. 


7.72 


3.71 


28.50" 


941.25 


7.35 


1.711 


75 


" 


» " " tight. 


7.72 


3.71 


28.50" 


1,137.37 


8.89 


2.196 


62.4 


" 


" " " very tight. 


7.72 


3.71 


28.50" 


1,540.62 


12.03 


2.801 


46 


" 


" " New B'ds, " " indeed. 


7.72 


3.71 


28.50" 


915.62 


7.15 


1.665 


77 


» 


" " " " easy. 


7.72 


3.71 


28.50" 


875 


7.81 


1.591 


70.5 


« 


" " Bands aver, tight, of Mill. 


7.72 


3.71 


28.50" 


894.25 


7.98 


1.625 


69 


" 


U U U » » " 


7.72 


3.71 


28.50" 


610.46 


5.45 


1.110 


101 


" 


U U il u u u 


7.72 


3.71 


28.50" 


691.86 


6.17 


1.258 


90 


" 


" " Similar Fr'me, B'ds tight. 


7.72 


3.71 


28.50" 


622.60 


5.55 


1.131 


99 


" 


" " " " " eased. 


6.78 


3.62 


28 " 


669 


5.23 


1.216 


105 


" 


" " Bands properly adjusted. 


6.78 


3.62 


28 " 


677.6 


5.30 


1.232 


104 


" 


" " Sim. F'me, BMs prop. ad. 


6.78 


3.62 


28 " 


785.72 


6.12 


1.429 


90 


" 


" " " " Bands tight. 


6.78 


3.62 


28 " 


675.33 


5.28 


1.228 


104 


" 


" " Same '• " adjusted. 


6.78 


3.62 


28 " 


674.25 


5.26 


1.226 


104 


Bobbin i full. Bands in good order. 


6.78 


3.62 


28 " 


703.9 


5.50 


1.280 


100 


" 


" EoUs higher speed. 


7.66 


4 


30 " 


1,049.24 


5.46 


1.908 


101 


" 


" 








757.7 


3.94 






" empty, Rolls stopped. Spindle only. 
" J full. Taken as running. 


7.68 


lldbl 


40 "'"' 


735.07 


5.75 


1.336 


" 95.5 


7.68 


11 


40 " 


695.92 


5.60 


1.303 


98.4 


u 


' Bands adjusted. 


7.68 


11 


40 " 


750 


5.86 


1.364 


94.8 


i; 


' Spindle shortened IJ inch. 


7.68 


11 


40 " 


734.33 


5.74 


1.335 


96 


U I 


' Spin, short., B'ds adj., '2d trial. 


6.94 


4.40 


28.50" 


793.75 


4.96 


1.443 


111 


I. I 


' Taken as running. 


6.94 


4.40 


28.50" 


843.75 


5.27 


1.534 


104 


Full Bobbin. " " 


6.94 


4.40 


28.50" 


862.50 


5.39 


1.568 


102 


11 u 


Bobbin! in. longer. 


6.94 


4.40 


28.50" 


931.25 


5.82 


1.693 


94.5 


U il 


" " " Dampmor. 


7 


3 


21 " 


976.19 


7.62 


1.775 


72 


Av'ge i full. Bands a little tight. 


7 


3 


21 " 


898.33 


7.01 


1.634 


78 


» u 


( Bands in good order, 
j Tested for comparison. 


7.50 


3 


22.50" 


1,059.07 


8.27 


1.928 


66.30 


" " 


u ti it 


8.14 


3.68 


32 " 


700 


5.47 


1.272 


100.5 


" " 


Taken as running. 


8.14 


3.68 


32 " 


637.50 


4.98 


1.159 


110.4 


" 


Draper's " Tension Regulator." 


9 


1.56 


13.50w'ft 


1,076 


5.60 


1.957 


98.21 


" " 


Tested for comparison. 


7.60 


2 


15 warp. 


1,160.38 


6.60 


2.110 


83.50 


" " 




10 


5dbl 


9 " 


1,017.26 


7.94 


1.849 


70 


" " 


Bands rather tight 


7 


2 


14 " 


683.91 


5.34 


1.223 


103 


" " 


" easy. 


.... 




13 weft. 


537.38 


4.20 


.977 


Ave'ge 


Empty Bobbin ) 

>■ Speed variable. 








13 " 


528.03 


4.11 


.960 


132 + 


Full 


" ) 






23 " 


576.92 


4.51 


1.049 




Empty 


Full Bobbin tested first, 






















23 " 


524.04 


4.18 


.958 


131.5 


Half full 


then empty, then \ full, 


.... 


.... 


23 " 


581.73 


4.23 


1.053 




Full 


" J the last probably correct 


.... 




23 " 


692.30 


5.41 


1.259 




Empty 


" 1 






23 " 


629.80 


4.92 


1.145 


112- 


HalffuU 


" 1- Same notes as above. 


.... 




23 " 


701.92 


5.48 


1.276 




Full 


" J 



64 



RING SPINNING.— ( Continued, ) 



Date. 


Place, 


Makee. 


Diam. 


No. 


Weight 


Kev. 


Kev.F. 








King. 


Spin. 
128 


Spindle. 


Sp. 


KoU. 


June, 1878 


( Lyman Mills No. 1, 
1 Holyoke, 


j No.l Spindle, ) 
( Coarser Y'n, ) 


Ife-in. 


7|oz. 


4,033 


135 


U (1 


^ 11 


11 


11 


128 


" 


4,033 


135 


(1 u 


11 


II 


11 


128 


11 


4,033 


135 


(1 u 


11 


j No.l, Higher ) 
( Speed, ) 


II 


128 


" 


6,282 


132 


(1 (I 


11 


11 


II 


128 


11 


6,282 


132 


il u 


11 


11 


II 


128 


II 


6,282 


132 


t( (( 


II 


Whitin Lt. Sp., 


u 


128 


10 


5,383 


121 


(1 <( 


11 


11 


11 


128 


II 


5,383 


121 


(( (1 


11 


" 


ll 


128 


11 


5,383 


121 


t( « 


No. 2 Mill, 


II 


If 


176 


6 


7,400 


62 


Oct., 1878 


Prescott Mill, 


( Lowell Shops, ) 

\ Reg. Sp., S 
11 


If 


176 


12 


5,600 


86 


« (( 


II 


11 


176 


II 


5,600 


86 


11 u 


11 


II 


II 


176 


11 


5,600 


86 


il (( 


11 


II 
( Whitin Spin- 1 
\ die. Cut-off } 
( at Butt, ) 


11 


176 


'^ 


5,600 


86 


" 15, " 


Pacific Mills, Lawrence, 


11 


160 


7 


6,059 


73 
















t( (( u 


11 


II 


II 


160 


11 


6,059 


73 


(1 (( (( 


11 


11 


" 


160 


11 


6,059 


73 


(( (( l( 


11 


It 


11 


160 


II 


5,073 


61 


(( (( « 


11 


II 


11 


160 


" 


5,073 


61 


(1 (( « 


11 


11 


II 


160 


II 


5,073 


61 


" 22, " 


It 


11 


11 


160 


" 


6,059 


73 


U (( <( 


" 


11 


11 


160 


II 


6,059 


73 


(( (( l( 


' II 


11 


11 


IBO 


" 


6,059 


73 


" 25, " 


11 


II 


11 


160 


II 


6,059 


73 


i( (I (( 


" 


II 


II 


160 


II 


6,059 


73 


(1 K (1 


11 


II 
( Regular Whi- ) 


11 


160 


II 


6,059 


73 


" 16, " 


It 


-< tin Spindle, >• 
( Old Bolster, ) 


II 


160 


12 


5,063 


61 


It ti II 


11 


II 


11 


160 


11 


5,063 


61 


II II 11 


11 


II 
Similar Fr., ) 


II 


160 


II 


5,063 


61 


<i II II 


11 


< Coned-up >• 
i' Bolster, ) 


II 


160 


II 


5,063 


61 


11 II li 


11 


11 


" 


160 


11 


6,063 


61 


II (1 11 


11 


II 


11 


160 


11 


5,063 


61 


II 22 " 


.1 


Same Frame, 


11 


160 


II 


6,059 


73 


ii II II 


11 


II 


II 


160 


" 


6,059 


73 


11 II 11 


It 


II 


11 


160 


II 


6,059 


73 


" 23, " 


11 


II 


II 


160 


II 


6,059 


73 


II II 11 


11 


11 


11 


160 


II 


6,059 


73 


II 11 II 


II 


11 


II 


160 


11 


6,059 


73 



65 



ORDINARY SPINHLE.— {Continued.) 



I 

Draft. Eov'ff. 


Tarn. 


Ft. Lb. 


Ft. Lb, 


H. P. 


Spindle 




Eemaeks. 








Frame. 


Spin. 


Frame 


per H.P. 










13 weft 


435.19 


8.4 


.791 


[Av'ge 


Empty Bob 
Half full ' 








I 1 Speed irregular as 






13 " 

13 " 

23 " 


440.37 
420.56 

656.86 


3,44 

3,28 


.8 
,765 

1,194 


fl63 

\ 


Full 

Empty ' 
Half full ' 


( before. 






; 






' 1 














MlO + 


' y Speed more even. 






23 " 
23 " 
12 warp 
12 " 
12 " 
60 " 


666.67 
676.47 
733.33 


4,99 
5.73 


1.212 

1.24 

1.333 


) * , 


Full 

Empty ' 
Half full ' 
FuU 

Half fill ' 


r 






; 






I 1 






850 
888.88 
1,118,42 

950,82 


6.64 
6.94 
6.35 


1.545 
1.616 
2.033 


( Av'ge 
185.4 

86.6 


' V Speed irregular. 












21 " 


5.4 


1.727 


I Av'ge 

[ Av'ge 
f 96.8 

86 


Empty ' 


) Pearl Bobbin, 6 in. 


* 




V Traverse. 842.18 






21 " 
21 " 


1,065.57 
950.82 


6.05 
5.4 


1,938 
1.727 


Full 

Empty ' 
Full 

Empty ' 


) Grains Yarn. 






1 Common Bobbin, 6}^ in. 
f Trav. 645.78 Gr. Yarn. 






21 " 

28,50 " 


1,049.80 
1,021,28 


5.96 
6.38 


1,909 
1.857 


^.19 


4.40 


Wt. Bob., 347.25 gr. 


6.19 


4.40 


28,50 " 


1,191.49 


7.447 


2.166 


73.9 


Full 


]■ " Yarn, 527.75 gr. 
Taken as found. 


6.79 


4.40 


28.50 " 


1,106.38 


6.91 


2.011 


80 


Average ' 


] 


6.79 


4.40 


28.50" 


718.18 


4.49 


1,37 


122 


Empty ' 


1 Lower speed, as ordi- 


6,79 


4.40 


28.50 " 


845.46 


5.28 


1.537 


104 


Full ' 


i f narily run. 


6.79 


4.40 


28.50" 


781,81 


4.89 


1.453 


113 


Average ' 


) •' 


6.79 


4.40 


28.50" 


1,031,91 


6.45 


1.876 


85.3 


Empty Bob 


) Eings centred and Bobbins 


6.79 


4.40 


28.50" 


1,202,13 


7.51 


2.186 


73.2 


Full 


} selected. Wt. Bob., 871.9 


6.79 


4.40 


28.50 " 


1,117.02 


6.98 


2.031 


78.8 


Average " 


} gr. Wt. Yarn, 541.4 gr. 


6.79 


4.40 


28.50" 


978.72 


6.12 


1.78 


89.9 


Empty " 
Full 


"1 Eings and Bobs, as above. 
Wt. reduc'd 10 p.ct. Weath- 


6,79 


4.40 


28.50" 


1,148,94 


7,18 


2.089 


76.6 


-er very dry and clear. Wt. 


6,79 


4.40 


28,50 " 


1,063.83 


6.65 


1.984 


82.7 


Average " 


still further reduc'd 20 p.ct, 
without ch. in power req'd. 


6.79 


4.40 


28,50 " 


807.23 


6.045 


1,468 


109 


Empty Bobbin.] 


















[Taken as running. 


6,79 


4.40 


28,50 " 


879.52 


5.5 


1.6 


100 • 


Full 


' f Usual speed. 


6.79 


4,40 


28,50 " 


843.37 


5.27 


1.534 


104.5 


Average 


" J 


6,79 


4,40 


28,50 " 


819.28 


5,12 


1,49 


107.4 


Empty 


Taken as running. 


6.79 


4.40 


28,50 " 


891.57 


5.57 


1.621 


98,8 


Full 


' I Usual speed. 


6.79 


4.40 


28.50" 


855.42 


5.345 


1.555 


103.1 


Average 


" J 


6,79 


4,40 


28.50 " 


1,014.29 


6.34 


1.844 


87 


Empty 


' ) Speed increased. 


6.79 


4,40 


28.50 " 


1,157.14 


7.23 


2.014 


76 


Full 


' VWt. Bobbin, 371.9 gr. 


6.79 


4.40 


28.60" 


1,085.71 


6.786 


1.909 


81,5 


Average 


' 1 " Yarn, 486.7 gr. 


6.79 


4.40 


28.50 " 


1,071.43 


6,7 


1.948 


82 


Empty 


' 1 Damp morning. Storm 


6.79 


4.40 


28.50 " 


1,200 


7,5 


2,182 


73.3 


Full 


' y of 24th coming on. 


6.79 


4,40 


28.50 " 


1,135.71 


7.1 


2.065 


77.7 


Average 


' 1 Bob. & Y'n as before. 



66 



RING SPINNING.— (ConimMed) 









Diam. 


No. 


Weight 


Kev. 


Kev. P. 


Date, 


Place. 


Makeb. 
Lowell M. Shop, 


King. 


Spin. 


Spindle. 


Spindle. 


Koll. 


June, 18'74 


( Lawrence Co., ) 

1 Lowell, Mass., ) 
II 


n in. 


224 


4 oz 


6,400 


103 


«( (( 


II 


11 


224 


II 


6,340 


102 


(1 (( 


II 


ti 


" 


224 


II 


6,340 i 102 


Sep., " 


" 


11 


II 


224 


5i 


6,540 


98 


Nov., " 


( Stark Mills, Man- 
( Chester, N. H., 


Altered Throstle, 


n 


128 


II 


5,130 


110 


ti (1 


" 


II 


11 


128 


11 


5,130 


110 


Jan., 1815 


( China Mill, Sun- ) 
] cook, N. H., ) 


Altered Mason, 


If 


128 


" 


5,800 


70 


II u 


.11 


Ring Frame, 


11 


128 


II 


6,000 


72 


Feb., " 


( Renfrew Mfg. Co., i 
I South Adams, 


Whitin, altered, 


II 


144 


11 


5,380 


98 


11 II 


11 


II 


II 


144 


II 


6,050 


110 


Aug., " 


Stark Mills, Manchester, 


Lowell M. Shop, 


2 


128 


5^ 


6,070 


117 


t? 11 


" 


New Frames, 


2i 


128 




5,976 


116 


Oct., " 


Hamilton Co., Lowell, 


11 


If 


208 


4 


5,600 


90 


II (1 


II 


II 


II 


208 


11 


5,600 


90 


Jan., 1876 


Salmon Falls, N. H., 


Altered Frame, 


II 


144 


11 


5,800 


74 


II II 


11 


Throstle, 


II 


144 


II 


6,050 


77 


April, " 


York Mills, Saco, 


11 


II 


128 


H 


5,800 


82 


II II 


11 


II 


II 


128 




5,800 


st'p'd 


June, " 


Everett Mills, Lawr'ce, 


11 


11 


128 


5 


3,800 


58 


II II 


" 


II 


11 


128 


II 


4,885 


72 


Aug., " 


Boott Mills, 


Lowell Shop, 


II 


224 


H 


6,020 


97 


April, 1877 


j Clinton Mills, ) 
I Woonsocket, \ 


( Whitin, alt'd ) 
-j to Mod. Pat., y 


II 


192 


4i 


7,500 


96 




( Sawyer Spin. ) 












<i II 


• 11 


" 


II 


192 




7,000 


st'p'd 


II II 


j Lockwood Mills, ) 
\ Waterville, Me., ) 


j Saco W. P. ) 

{ Co. Shop, y 


II 


176 


5i 


7,000 


90 


<i II 




" 


II 


176 


II 


7,000 


90 


II II 


II 


It 


II 


176 


" 


7,300 


105 


Nov., " 


Jackson Co., Nashua, 


Lowell M. Shop, 


n 


192 


4f 


5,568 


116 


II II 


II 


11 
i Wm. Mason, ) 


II 


192 


11 


5,568 


116 


Dec, " 


Whittenton Mills, 


•{ Old, alt'd to V 
( Sawyer Spin. ) 


1J3. 


128 


II 


5,135 


130 


II II 


" 


" 


II 


128 


II 


5,135 


130 


Jan., 1878 


Amoakeag No. 4, 


Whitin M. Co., 
i Drap'r's Fil'g ) 


11 


144 


4i 


6,230 


118 


II II 


11 


\ Fr.,withMod. V 
{ Sawyer Spin. ) 


II 


144 


11 


6,230 


118 


II II 


" 


11 


11 


144 


II 


5,925 


112 


II II 


II 


11 


II 


144 


II 


5,234 


104 


II II 


11 


11 


II 


144 


I' 


4,960 


120 


11 II 


II 


11 


II 


144 


" 


3,658 


108 


Mar., " 


Nashua Mfg. Co., 


Lowell M. Shop, 


If 


192 


II 


6,790 106i- 


(( U 


II 


Modified Sawyer, 


11 


192 


II 


6,790 1 loej 


(( (( 


II 


11 


" 


192 


II 


6,790 106i- 


June, " 


Lyman Mills, Holyoke, 


j Whitin, alt'd ) 
1 to Saw'r Sp., f 


l-i% 


128 


4f 


5,597 


117 


II II 


" 


11 


II 


128 


II 


5,597 


117 


II II 


II 


II 


11 


128 


II 


5,597 i 117 


II 11 


II 


II 


11 


128 


II 


4,633 i 135 


<i II 


II 


11 


II 


128 


II 


4,633 135 


II <i 


II 


<i 


II 


128 


II 


4,633 135 



SAWYER SPINDLE. 



67 



Draft. 


Eov'g. 


Yarn. 


Ft. Lb. 
Frame. 


Ft. Lb. 

Spin. 


H. P. 

Frame 


Spindle 
per H.P. 


Remarks. 


8 


2.25 


18 warp 


1,002.67 


4.478 


1.823 


123 


Bob. av'ge 


If], J Hussey Banding, 
i*"^"' 1 Bands tight. 


8 


2.25 


18 


II 


968.75 


4.32 


1.761 


127 


" 


" Bands adjusted. 


8 


2.25 


18 


K 


1,159.42 


5.176 


2.18 


106 


" " 


" Single Banding. 


8 


2.25 


18 


" 


1,113.63 


4.97 


2.03 


110.6 


" 


I, J Hussey Banding. 
■J6.25in.Trav.,1.8oz.Y'n. 


1.84: 


1.62 


12.33 


l( 


643.23 


5.025 


1.179 


110 


" " 


" 2.3 " 


7.84 


1.62 


12.33 


1( 


698.5 


5.48 


1.275 


100 + 


" 


" Single Banding, " " 


7.92 


3.54 


28 


l( 


738.69 


5.77 


1.342 


95.3 


" " 


" " " Bands tight 


7.92 


3.54 


28 


a 


762.5 


5.96 


1.386 


92.3 


" " 


" " 


8 


2 


16 


u 


718.39 


4.99 


1.306 


110 


" 


" As running. 


8 


2 


16 


11 


925.34 


6.42 


1.682 


85.7 


" 


" " " Tight Belt, 


8 


1.54 


12.30 


(1 


732.1 


5.72 


1.296 


96 


" " 


" " " 


8 


1.54 


12.30 


(1 


757.5 


5.91 


1.377 


93 


U 11 


" " " 


9 


1.85 


16.65 


11 


964.28 


4.64 


1.753 


118.6 


" " 


" Ordinary Banding. 


9 


1.85 


16.65 


i( 


865.7 


4.26 


1.61 


129 


" " 


" Hussey " 


8.54 


2.50 


22 


It 


775.76 


5.46 


1.415 


102 


" " 


" As running. Bands tight. 


8.54 


2.50 


22 


II 


804.35 


5.58 


1.462 


98.5 


" " 


" " " " " 


7 


3 


21 


II 


567.16 


4.43 


1.031 


124 


" " 


" " " Bands easy. 


"i 










335.82 
431.25 


2.63 
3.37 


' .V8'4 


us' 


" empty 
" aVge i 


Spindle only. 


.50 


3 "" 


22.5 


II 


full. As running. 


7.50 


3 


22.5 


II 


543.75 


4.24 


.988 


130 


" " 


" " " 


8.80 


1.65 


14 


i( 


1,207.93 


5.39 


2.144 


102 


" " 


" " " 


8.14 


3.68 


32 


(1 


858.95 


4.47 


1.561 


123 


u u 


II II II 










556.72 
980 


2.9 

5.57 


1.792 


99 


Empty Bol 
Av'ge i ful 


)bin. Spindle only. 


7 


4.35 


30 


II 


1 Bobbin. As running. 


7 


4.35 


30 


II 


1,010 


5.74 


1.836 


97 


II II 


" Frame just leveled. 


6,89 


3.64 


25 


II 


1,166.66 


6.63 


2.141 


83 






7 


1.90 


13.69 


II 


1,229.16 


6.4 


2.235 


Av'ge 
■ 78.7 


Empty Bobbin. ^ "WlUlmantic" Sawyer 


7 


1.90 


13.69 


II 


1,456.25 


7.58 


2.648 


Full 


i Spmdle. 


10 


2dbl. 


9 


II 


953.49 


7.44 


1.733 


( Av'ge 
j 72.2 


Empty 
l^ill 


' 1 Regular Sawyer Spin. 
' j Bands very light. 


10 


2 " 


9 


II 


1,000 


7.81 


1.818 






9.5 


2 


19 weft 


968.45 


6.72 


1.761 


82 


Bobbin f full. New Frame, Had run 6 

■weeks. 


9.5 


2 


19 


II 


959.2 


6.66 


1.744 


82.6 


" J ' 


Similar Frame. 


9.5 


2 


19 


II 


849.5 


5.9 


1.545 


93.2 


.. » . 


1st Fr. repeated, slower sp'd. 


8 


2 


16 


i< 


989.58 


6.87 


1.8 


80 


" " ' 


Sim. Fr. 4 weeks in opera'n. 


7 


2 


14 


u 


908.16 


6.3 


1.651 


87.3 


" " ' 


4 '' 


7.35 


1.50 


11 


II 


561.22 


3.9 


1.02 


140 


II II i 


4 " 


8.24 


2.61 


21.60 


wp. 


1,347.06 


7.01 


2.44 




Empty Bobbin. 


8.24 


2.61 


21.50 


" 


1,617.65 


8.42 


2.941 




Full 


' 


8.24 


2.61 


21.50 


II 


1,482.35 


7.717 


2.695 


"n.'s 


Average 


' 


.... 




23 weft 


633.03 


4.84 


1.151 




Empty 


' 








23 




633.03 


4.84 


1.151 


113.6 


Half full 


. 








23 




642.3 


5.02 


1.168 




Full 










13 
13 




467.89 
477.06 


3.655 
3.726 


.851 
.867 


I Av'ge 
I 140 


Empty ' 
Half full ' 


\ \ Speed Irregnlar all 
f through trials. 






'".!"ll3 

1 




467.59 


3.655 


.851 


Full ' 


1 J 



68 



RING SPINNING.— (Continued.) 



Date. 


Place. 


Makee. 


Diam. 


No. 


"Weight 


Rev. 


Eev. F. 








ofEing. 


Spin. 
128 


Spindle. 


Spin. 


Roll, 


June, 1878 


Lyman Mills, Holyoke, 


j Whitin, alt'd ) 
( to Sawyer Sp. ) 


liin. 


4|oz. 


5,383 


121 




t( U II 






128 




5,383 


121 




11 II II 






128 




5,383 


121 


Oct., " 


Pacific Mills, 




1* 


160 


3f 


5,851 


70.5 




II It 






160 




5,851 


70.5 




" " 






160 




5,851 


70.5 




II II 






160 




5,893 


71 




11 II 






160 




5,893 


71 




11 11 






160 




5,893 


71 




11 II 






160 




5,893 


. 71 




11 11 






160 




5,893 


71 




II II 






160 




5,893 


71 



June, 

July, 
II 

Aug., 

Oct., 

Dec, 
Jan., 



1874 
1875 



1876 



April, 



Nov., 1877 



Sept., 1878 



Lawrence Manu. Co., 

Pacific Mills, Lawrence 
II II II 

Stark Mills, 
II II 

Manchester Mills, 

Jackson Co., 
Salmon Falls, 



York Co., Saco, 



Atlantic Mills, 



Jackson Co., Nashua, 



II II 



China Mill, 
11 II 



Q . „ i j Massachusetts Mill, ) 
■' ( Lowell, ) 



Pacific Mills, Law- 
rence, 



Lowell Ma. Shop 

j Davis & Fur- f 

] ber. No. 3 Sp. J 
II 

j Davis & Fur- ) 

l ber. No. 1 Sp. f 
II 

j Saco W. P. I 

I Co., No. 2 Sp. j 

Lowell Shop, 

Davis & Furber, 

C Pearl Bobbin 

< Saco Spindle 

( Cut-off Tip 

j SacoW.P.Co. I 

I Throstlealt'd j 
II 

j Lowell M.Sh. ) 
I Throstlealt'd ) 



Davis & Fur- 
ber, Spind. in 
Lowell Fr'me 
Lowell Ma. Shop 



j Whitin, alt'd ) 
I toP'lSp.No.2 \ 

a 
u 

(Lowell M.Sh. ) 
I P'rlSp.No.l j 

11 

j Davis&Furb. ) 
I P'rl Sp. No. 3 f 



If in. 


224 


H 


6,150 


H- 


16.0 


4if 


5,800 


11 


160 


(1 


5,800 


2 


144 


6| 


5,300 


11 


144 


11 


5,470 


If 


192 


6i 


5,830 


1.% 
If 


208 
144 


6 

4i 


4,340 

5,500 

' 


" 


144 


9 


5,800 


11 


128 


H 


6,140 


11 


128 


11 


5,700 


II 


128 


5+ 


5,515 


11 


128 


(1 


5,870 


II 


176 


8f 


5,022 


II 
II 

If 

II 


176 
176 
192 
192 


4i 
11 

44 
11 


6,059 
6,059 
5,564 
5,564 


If 


128 


II 


7,400 


11 
II 


128 
128 


II 
II 


7,400 
7,400 


1| 


160 


5 


5,080 


II 
II 


160 
160 


II 
11 


5,080 
5,080 


li 


160 


4M 


6,006 


II 
II 
II 
11 
(1 


160 
160 
160 
160 
160 


11 
II 
II 
II 
II 


6,006 
6,006 
6,006 
6,006 
6,006 



PEARL 

99 

62 

70 

106 

108 

71 

107 
63 

74 

80i 
82 
82i 
84 



73 

73 
115.5 
115.5 

77 

77 
77 

107 

107 
107 

66 

66 
66 
66 
66 
66 



69 



SAWYER SPlNniiE.— {Continued.) 



Draft. 


Eov'g. 


'e.VV 


4.40 


6.79 


4.40 


6.79 


4.40 


6.79 


4.40 


6.79 


4.40 


6.79 


4.40 


6.79 


4.40 


6.79 


4.40 


6.79 


4.40 



Yarn. 



12 warp 

12 " 
12 " 
28.50" 
28.50" 
28,60" 
28.50" 
28.50" 
28.50" 
28.50" 
28.50" 
28.50" 



Ft. Lb. 
Frame. 



800 

911.11 
951.11 

829.54 
852.27 
840.40 
832.91 
848.84 
840.88 
819.77 
883.72 
851.74 



Ft. Lb. I H. P. 
Spin. Fr'me. 



6.25 

7.12 

7.43 

5.18 

5.326 

5.25 

5.206 

5.305 

5.256 

5.12 

5.52 

5.32 



1.355 

1.656 
1.729 
1.508 
1.550 
1.529 
1.514 
1,543 
1.529 
1.490 
1.607 
1.548 



8p. per 
H. P. 



Av'ge 



104.5 



104.5 
103.5 



Bemabes. 



Empty Bobbin 1 „ ^ . , „ 

Half full " >• Speed irregular all 

Full " 



through trials. 



Empty Bobbin] Pearl Bobbin, weight 
Full " }- 240.6 grains, yarn on 

Average " J Bobbin 458.4 grains. 
Empty Bobbin! Hybrid BGbbin,between 
„ „ J, I Pearl and Sawyer, w'ght 

*"" ( I'obbin 21.3.8 gr., weight 

Average " J Yarn on Bob. 470..3 gr, 
Empty Bobbin ] Sawyer Bobbin, weight 
Full " 1- 295.3 grains, Yarn on 

J Bobbin 465 grains. 



SPINDLE. 



8 


2.25 


18 " 


1,411.11 


6.299 


2.565 


87.5 , 


8.14 


4.40 


38 « 


629.95 


3.94 


1.146 


140 


6.94 


4.40 


28 " 


648.33 


4.05 


1.161 


136 


8 


1.55 


12.30" 


1,152.50 


7.97 


2.095 


69 


8 


1.55 


12.30" 


1,162.5 


8.07 


2.113 


68 


7.66 


4 


30 " 


980 


5.10 


1.782 


108 


9 

7.07 


1.50 
4.29 


13.50w'ft 
29 warp 


1,108 
955 


5.33 
6.63 


2.014 
1.736 


103.24 
83 


8.54 


2.50 


22 " 


865.67 


6.01 


1.574 


9H 


7 


3 


21 " 


716.98 


5.61 


1.313 


98 


7 


3 


21 " 


611.11 


4.77 


1.111 


115 


7 


3 


21 " 


594.70 


4.65 


1.082 


118 


7 


3 


21 " 


644.96 


5.04 


1.173 


109 


7.60 


2 


15 " 


824.07 


4.685 


1.500 


117 


7.60 


3.68 
3.68 
1.90 
1.90 


28 " 
28 " 
13.69w'ft 
13.69 " 


868.85 
942.60 

1,364.58 

1,625 


4.937 
5.356 
7.10 
8.46 






7.60 






7 
7 


2.481 
2.954 


I Av'ge 
f 70.7 


7.72 


.3.21 


28.50wp. 


956.21 


7.47 


1.739 





7.72 

7.72 


3.21 
3.21 


28.50 " 
28.50 " 


1,138.46 
1,047.3 


8.89 
8.18 


2.070 
1.904 


"'67+' 






13 warp 

13 " 
13 " 

38 " 


812.5 


5,08 


1.477 








944.44 

878.47 

736.21 


5.90 
5.49 

4.60 


1.717 
1.597 

1.339 


'166+' 






8.14 


4.40 


8.14 
8.14 
8.14 
8.14. 
8.14 


4.40 
4.40 
4.40 
4.40 
4.40 


38 " 
38 " 
38 " 
38 " 
38 " 


762.07 
749.14 
736.21 
753.45 
744.83 


4.76 
4.68 
4.60 
4.70 
4.65 


1.385 
1.362 
1.339 
1.370 
1.355 


'ii7.'75' 
'ii8.'25 



Average } full. Hussey banding, tight. 
Ordinary banding. 



I Extra large Bobbin. 
V 2,000 yards yarn. 
j New. iligher speed. 



Bands very tight. 
" tight. 



in good order. 



Bobbin J full. 



Pearl Spindle, like origi- 
nal Model in Patent 
Office. 



empty, Chambered tip, PVl Sp.No.2 
" Plugged " " " 
u 1 Pearl Spin. No. 1. Frame 
y New. Bands and Belts 

fuU> j tight. 

empty, "1 

Rolls too slow for speed 
ful'r f of Spindle, 

average, J 



Empty Bobbin 




Regular Pearl Bobbin, 
241 grains. Yarn on 
Bobbin 421 gr. 

! Lower Bush of Bobbin 
reamed out. 
Bobbin, 240-6 grains. 
Yarn on Bob. 421.1 grs. 



70 



RING SPINNING— (Con/mMe^;.) 



Date. 


July, 


1875 


(( 


(1 


Dec, 


1877 



Place. 



Augusta, Me., 
Pacific Mills, 

IC (1 

Whittenton Mills, 



Maker. 



Fales & Jenks, 



Whitin, alt'd 
to Rabbeth 



;[ 



Diam. 


No. 


Wt. 


Rev. 


Rev.F. 


Ring. 


Spin. 


Spin. 


Spindle. 


Roll. 


If in. 


128 


7f oz. 


5,200 


63 


1+ 


160 


H 


6,200 


58 


" 


160 


u 


6,200 


58 


m 


128 


4 


5,135 


130 



Draft. 



6.98 

4.6 

4.6 



10 



BIRKENHEAD 



Aug., 1875 
Dec, 1877 



April, 1875 
It <i 

Aug., " 
Oct., " 

Nov., " 



Stark Mills, I C. Lamphear, 

Whittenton Mills, I Whitin, altered. 



2 


132 I5J 


1 5,460 108 8 


lYi 


128 |4 


1 4,800 128 10 



f Stark Mills, 
I Man'r, N. H., 



Bridesburg Co., 

Bridesburg 

Co.,Cuphold 

er on Spin. 

Excelsior Spin., 
« 

" repeat'd 
Cupholder Sp. rep. 



EXCELSIOR 



8.24 



11 


204 


6 


4,730 


104 


h%- 


204 


6 


4,520 


110 


2 


204 


8i 


4,785 


100 


1-1^6- 
If 

2 
2 


204 
204 
204 
204 


6 
6 
6 


4,446 
4,660 
4,660 
4,930 


110 

104 
105 
102 



Aug., 1876 I Boott Mills, | Lowell Shop, 



8.3 

7.84 
7.84 



LOWELL MACHINE SHOP 

If I 224 m I 6,480 I 103 | 8.80 



PERRY 

Aug., 1875 I Stark Mills, | Amoskeag Shop, | 2 | 128 |2f fl'r | 5,588 ] 110 | 8 



Dec, 1877 



Whittenton 
Mills, Taun- 
ton, 



MASON'S NEW SINGLE 

10 
10 

AMOSKEAG CO.'S 



Wm. Mason, 


) 










New Sgl. Rail 


h 


128 


2f 


5,135 


130 


Sp. set in Jaws, 


\ 










u 


2 


128 


2| 


5,135 


130 



Jan., 


1878 


j Namaske M., ) 
( Manchester, ) 


( Amosk. Co., ) 

\ Short Str't [ 
( Clutch Spin. ) 


n 


120 


6 


3,955 


100 


5.5 








a 


2+ 


120 


6 


3,955 


100 


5.5 


u 


(1 


II 




2i 


120 


6 


4,520 


115 


6.4 



71 



RABBETH SPINDLE. 



Eoving. 


Yarn. 


Ft. Lb. 

Frame. 


Ft. Lb. 
Spin. 


H. P. 

Frame 


Spindle 
per H. P. 


Bemabes. 


4.4 
11.5 
11.5 

1.8 dbl. 


29.50 wp. 
45 " 
45 " 

9 


916.66 
632.14 
703.59 

953.49 


7.16 
3.95 
4.4 

7.45 


1.666 
1.149 
1.279 

1.726 


77. 
) Av'ge 
) 132 

73.8 


Bobbin half full. Old Pattern Spindle. 
" f^r^' f-^^erage, 4.17 lb. per Spin. 
" half full. Bands tight. 



SPINDLE. 

1.54 112.33 " 11,082.031 8.19 I 1.9631 67 
1.8dbl.l9 " 11,038.371 8.11 I 1.888| 67.8 



Extra large, 2,000 yds. of Y'n 
[when full. 



SPINDLE. 

1.52 
1.62 

1.54 

1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.52 



12.30 " 


1,087.31 


5.33 


1.977 


103 


13.5 wft. 


1,136.36 


5.56 


2.065 


100- 


12.3 wp. 


1,506.16 


7.38 


2.748 


74.5 


13.5 wft. 
12.3 wp. 
12.3 " 
12.3 " 


931.25 
1,261.72 

890.63 
1,332.03 


4.56 
6.19 
4.36 
6.54 


1.693 
2.292 
1.619 
2.422 


120 
89 

126 
84 



As running. 



New Frame. As running. 

[Large Bobbin. 

As running. 

Bands very tight. As run'g. 

Bands eased. 

Same Frame tested in Aug. 



COMBINATION SPINDLE. 

1.65 114 wp.|l,349.2 I 6.02 I 2.4531 91f 

SPINDLE. 

1.54 112.3 wp.Il,012.04| 7.91 [1.84 1 70 

RAIL SPINDLE. 

1.8 dbl. 
1.8 " 

SHORT SPINDLE. 



9 wp. 966.29 
9 " 1,213.36 


7.55 
9.48 


1.757 
2.206 


[ Av'ge 
f 64.6 



Comb'n Pearl and Sawyer Spin. 



New Frame, large Bobbin. 



Empty Bobbin. Bands tight. 
FuU 



1 

1 

1.25 


5.5 wp. 

6.5 " 

7 


691.86 

819.87 
1,069.77 


5.77 

6.83 
8.75 


1.258 

1.49 
1.945 


) Av'ge 
f 87.3 

63 


Bobbin empty. ) Stock all Waste for 
" full. j" Coarse Duck. 

" half full. Cotton Stock for Duck Wp, 



72 



MULE SPINNING. 



Date, 



Mar., 1874 

18Y5 

u 
u 
(1 

April, 1877 



Place. 



Eagle Mill, Taunton, 
u a 

China Mill, Suncook, 
Webster Mill, Suncook, 
Pembroke Mill, Suncook, 
Newton M., New'n, Mass. 

(1 u 

j Lockwood Mills, [ 
( Waterville, Me., f 



Desceiption. 



j W. Rouse, by Dean [ 
( Cotton Machine Co., f 

Wm. Mason's, 



j SacoW.P.Co., "Parr ) 
( Curtis," Long Spin., ) 



No. 
Spin. 


Eev. 
Spin. 




592 


4,876 


60 in. 


592 


4,896 


60 


512 


3,889 


60 


512 


3,540 


60 


512 
384 
384 


3,780 
3,780 
3,780 


60 
60 
60 


640 


4,360 


64 



Time 
Stretch. 



17 sec. 

17 

19f 

21 

20 

21 

21 

18+ 



COTTON TWISTERS. 



Date. 


Piace. 


Description. 


Diam. 
King. 


No. 
Sp. 


Rev. 

Spin. 


Ft. Lb. 

per Sp. 


H. P. 


Feb. 1875 


Renfrew Mfg. Co., 


Collins, 


2 in. 


132 


3,452 


7.57 


1.818 


" 


South Adams, Mass., 


" 


2i 


100 


3,700 


10.47 


1.902 


Jan. 1877 


U (1 

( Conaiit Thread ) ^ 
1 \ Co.,Pawtucket, |- 
(R.I.,No.4Mill, ) 


\ Same, altered to } 
( Sawyer Spindle, j 

j Fales & Jenks, [ 
I No. 80 Yarn, \ 




100 
150 


3,700 
5,066 


8.82 
8.8 


1.603 
2.4 






Rabbeth Sp.,No.80 Y'n, 


(1 


150 


5,066 


8.47 


2.309 






1st Twist, No. 100 " 


u 


150 


5,066 


8.8 


2.4 






" « " 120 " 


(1 


150 


5,066 


8.67 


2.364 






2d " " 80 " 


If 


150 


4,560 


10.77 


2.936 


<i 


(( 


" " » 100 " 


u 


150 


4,560 


9.8 


2.673 


, " " " 120 " 


il 


150 


4,560 


9.73 


2.654 


1 


j Pawtucket, ) 
IR. I.,No.2Mill, f 


1st " " 80 " 


H 


150 


5,428 


8.58 


2.341 






" " " 80 " 


*" 


150 


5,428 


7.83 


2.136 






i " " " 32 " 


u 


150 


5,428 


9.5 


2.591 






2d " " 32 " 


If 


150 


4,880 


11.29 


3.079 






1 " " " 80 " 


u 


150 


4,657 


8.69 


2.37 


I 


J 


" " " 80 " 


it 


150 


4,657 


8.89 


2.424 



FLAX MACHINERY. 



Date. 


Place. 


Desceiption. 


Delivery 

KoIJs. 


Ft. Lbs. 


Horse- 
Power. 


Apr., 1874 


Stark Mills, 


1 Tow Card, 6 Workers, 


165 Rev. 


1,807.40 


3.286 



73 



MULE SPINNING. 









STAET. 


DBATT. 


TWIST & BACK. 






?r 




a 


.g 










Average 
Ft. Lb. 


Lb. per 
Spin. 


of CM 


Spindles 
per H. P. 




o 
3.6 


Yam. 


Sec. 
3 


Ft. Lb. 


Sec. 


Ft. Lb. 


Sec. 


Ft. Lb. 


2.4 


8 


28.50 


2,252 


9 


1,586 


5 


633 


1,423 


2.59 


229* 


8 


3.6 


28.50 


3 


1,905 


9 


1,429 


5 


574 


1,260 


2.29 


2.13 


258t 


9.16 


4.08 


37 


3 


1,716.66 


12 


1,383.31 


H 


384.33 


1,044.17 


1.898 


2.04 


270 


9,16 


4.08 


SI 


2 


1,448 


12 


1,055 


7 


323 


848.52 


1.548 


1.64 


332 


9.4 


3.91 


31 


2 


1,610 


11 


1,310 


7 


510 


1,060 


1.927 


2.07 


266 


9,16 


4 


36 






15 


866.6 


6 


341.6 


716.6 


1.303 


1.85 


294 (old) 


9.16 


4 


36 


2 


1,333.3 


13 


1,000 


6 


416.6 


865 


1.573 


2.25 


244 (new) 


8.5 


4.5 


36 


5 


2,635.13 


8i 


1,959.46 


5 


878.35 


1,850 


3.364 


2.89 


190 



COTTON SPOOLERS. 



Date. 



Mar., 1875 



Plaok. 



China Mills, 
Webster Mills, 
Pembroke Mills. 



Maker. 



Saco W. P. Shop, 



No. 


Rev. 


Ft. Lb. 


Horse- 


Spin. 
80 


Spindle. 


per Sp. 


Power. 


775 


1.48 


.23 


80 


750 


1.81 


,264 


80 


600 


1.68 


.244 



No. 
Tarn. 



29 
29 
29 



WARPERS. 



Date. 


Place. 


Maker. 


No. 
Tarn. 

28 

28 
28 


No. 
Thr'ds. 

438 

438 
292 


Speed. 


H. P, 


Mar., 1875 


China Mills, 
Webster Mills, 


j Saco W. P. Shop, I 
I " Iron Tip" Spools, f 
i Saco W. P. Shop, I 
I " Skewers," j 


40 yds. per min. 

40 " 
48 " 


.185 

.142 
.149 



Mar., 1875 
Aug., 1876 



China Mills, 
Webster Mills, 

Boott Mills, 



SLASHERS. 

Howard & BuUough, 

j Lowell Shop, ) 
I " Hot Air," \ 



28 1,752 25 yds. per min. 1.242 
1,752 



1,300 



1.594 
1.63 



* Wet day. 



+ Fair day. 



74 



COTTON LOOMS. 



Date. 


Place. 


Makes. 


Width. 


No. 
Warp. 


May, 1874 

(1 
u 


Stark Mills, 

(1 


Amoskeag, Bag Loom, 

Crash " 
Thomas, Diaper " 


24 in. 

24 

24 


10 dbl. 


Nov., 1874 


Manchester Mills, 


Bridesburg Co.,CIip'r L'm,iVew 


30 


70 


K 


Stark Mills, 


Amoskeag Co., 


37 


12.30 


Jan., 1875 


Arlington Mill, 


S. T. Thomas, 


30 


70 


11 


Methuen, Alpacas, &c., 


Hodson, English, 


30 


70 


a 


11 


Bridesburg, Clipper, 


30 


60 


i( 


" 


Same, tested singly, 


30 


60 


Mar.. 1875 


Webster Mill, Suncook, N. H., 


Mason's, 


30 


28 


11 


" 


(( 


36 


28 


" 


Newton Falls, Newton, Mass., 


(i 


30 


28 


11 


11 


Empire Loom, 


30 


28 


April, 1875 


Manchester Mills, 


Clipper " 


30 


70 


11 


11 


Bridesburg Co., Alpacas, 


30 


70 




11 


" 


30 


70 


April, 1877 


Lockwood M., Waterville, Me., 


Lewiston M. Sh., New Looms, 


40 


25 


It 


11 


11 


30 


30 



WOOLEN MACHINERY. 



CARDS. 



Date. 


Place. 


Maker & Dksceiptiok. 


5 

"d 


Diam 


Rev. 




Ft. Lbs. 


H. P. 






j Davis & Furber, ) 
( 1st Breaker, j 
j Davis & Furber, [ 
( 2d Breaker, f 


48 in 


48 in 




3" 




each. 


Aug., 1876 


Saxonville, Mass., 


108 


225 


i 
484.30, .88 


" 


(1 


48 


48 


108 


225 


426.47 


.775 


11 


(1 


i Davis & Furber, | 
} 2d Finisher, \ 


48 


48 


IDS 


225 


423.91 


.771 






IW'st'd Card & Comb 


40 


44 


115 


300 


1,162.28 


2.113 


11 


" 


tc 


34 


36 


125 


300 


952.28 


1.732 


Jan., 1877 


Passaic, N. J., 


<t IWool Card with) 
] Oiler Breaker, ) 


60 


48 


84 


300 


667.27 


1.231 


" 


Rittenhouse Co., 


j 1 Finisher with ) 
I 4 Rubbers, J 


60 


40 


87 


300 


667.27 


1.231 



PICEERS. 



Aug., 1876 


Saxonville Mills, 


1 Wool Picker, 


36 in 


36 in 


360 


2000:3,161.11 


5.747 






1 " 


36 


36 


480 


2500 3,640 


6.618 


" 


11 


1 Rag " 


24 


36 


560 


1200 4,028.57 


7.324 


Jan., 1877 


Rittenhouse Co., 


1 " 


24 


36 


770 


1500l4.861.54 


8.839 


11 


Passaic, N. J., 


1 Waste Lumper, 


48 


16 


810 




743.24 


1.351 




11 


1 Parkhurst Burr M. 


38 




353 




2,341.18 


4.258 



COTTON LOOMS. 



75 



No. Weft. 


Picks 
per in. 


00 '^ 

126 


Ft. Lbs. 
Loom. 


.39 


No. 
test'd 

6 


Total 
H. P. 




N0TB8. 


8 double 




214.28 


2.338 


2.56 


Counter shaft for 16 Looms, .381 H.P, 






136 
84 
188 
158 
142 


89 74 ifiS 


6 
4 

1 
7 
8 


.979 
.603 

2.297 
1.164 


6.13 
6.62 
2.33 
3.05 

7 


" " 8 " .22 H.P. 






82.91 
235.4 
180.5 

80 


.151 
.428 
.328 
.145 


" " 6 " .145 H.P. 


No. 36 w'st'd 
13.56 
32 


43x80 
48 X 48 
43x80 


Taken in quantity would be probably 

[3.5 Looms per H.P. 

Counter shaft for 8 Looms, .58 H.P. 

" '• 8 " .282 H.P. 






142 
172 


107.5 
110.9 


.195 

.202 


2 
8 


.391 
1.614 


5 + 
5 




32 


43x80 


" 8 " .25 H.P. 


32 


43x80 


172 


148 


.27 


1 




3.38 


Single Loom, tests doubtful. (?) 


36 
36 


64x64 
64x64 


154 
154 


60 
74.54 


.109 
.135 


10 
10 


1.091 
1.355 


9 + 
7.4 


j 200 ft. Shafting, average, 2i Diam. 
1 208 Kev. per min. 1.487 H.P. 


36 


64x64 


140 


75.2 


.136 


13 


1.758 


7.4 


Countershaft. .883 H.P. 


36 


64x64 


175 


85.06 


.155 


4 


.619 


6.45 


.083 H.P. 


36 
36 


43x80 
43x80 


140 
154 


143 

170.83 


.26 
.31 


7 
6 


1.818 
1.863 


3.84 
3.22 


3 Short Counters, 280 Rev. .545 H.P. 
3 " » 250 " .668 H.P. 


36 


43x80 


180 


223.21 


.406 


7 


2.861 


2.46 


8 " " 292 " .613 H.P, 


29.5 


68x72 


148 


121.49 


.219 


4 


.876 


4.57 


2 " " 240 " .096 H.P. 


32 


64x64 


160 


103.66 


.188 


3 


.565 


5.32 


2 " " 240 " .096 H.P. 



WOOLEN MACRll<^ IS BY. —{Continued.) 
SPINNING. 



Date. 



Aug., 1876 
Jan., 1877 



Place. 



Saxonville Mills, 
Rittenhouse Co., 



Dksceiption. 



1 Woolen Mule, 
1 " " 



No. 
8p. 



150 
200 
384 



Ft. Lb. 

Stretch, 



Ft. Lb. 

T-vvist. 



704.54] 568.18 
612.33 546.68 
972 892 



Ft. Lb. 
Back. 



Ft. Lb. 
Av'ge. 



318.18 536.91 



380 
612 



534.66 
854.38 



HP. 

Av'ge. 



.976 

.972 

1.553 







LOOMS. 












Date. 


Place. 


Descbiption, 


90 in 
90 


■="0 

4 

4 


en "^ 

68 
68 


Ft. Lb. 
per Sec. 


H.P. 


Looms 
perH.P. 


Aug., 1876 
Jan., 1877 


Saxonville, Mass., 
j Rittenh'seCo., } 
( Passaic, N. J., f 


Blanket Loom, 

(1 


101.85 
202.08 


.185 

.387 


5.4 
2.58 



FINISHING MACHINERY. 



Date. 



Jan., 1877 



Place. 



Rittenhouse Co., 



DESCErPTION. 



Diam Rev. Ft. Lb. H.P, 



1 Hydro Extractor, 60 in 

1 Rotary Fulling Mill, Double, 16 
1 Rinser to above, 16 

1 Broad Gig, 108 in., 48 



375 
96 
94 

148 



2,340 4.255 
1,676.47 3.081 



1,504 
833.33 



2.844 
1.515 



76 



WORSTED MACHINERY. 



Date. 


Place. 


Desceiption. 


Dian 
KoUs 

4 in 


' Eev. Eolls. 


Oct., 1871 


Manchester Mills, 


Eng. Spin. Frame, " Flier," 


24 


ti 


(( 


" alt'd to " Cap Spin.," 


2-3's 


44 


Dec, 18Y1 


II 


" Piatt Bros. " Flier," 


4 


22 


Jan., 1873 


ii 


It It 11 


4 


20 


(1 


11 


" alt'd to " Cap Spin.," 


4 


42 


Nov., 1874 


II 


11 11 11 


4 


48 


Jan., 1875 


j Arlington Mills, ) 
I Methuen, Mass., | 


1 English Flier Frame, 


4 


23.5 


u 


11 


1 


4 


23.5 


t( 


" 


1 " " alt'd to Cap, 


4 


41 


(1 


" 


1 2-Can Gill Box, 1st Proc, 




102 bars per min. 


11 
It 


It 


1 2-Can " 2d " 
1 2-Spin. " 3d " 




156 " " 
146 


11 


II 


1 4.Spin. 1st Rov.,4th " 




88 


" 


It 


1 6-Spin. 2d " 5th " 




92 


u 


11 


1 6-Spin. 3d " 6th " 




48 


11 


11 


1 Dandy Roving, 7th " 




26.5 


11 


It 


1 1st Preparing Gill, 




62 bars per min. 


11 


,, 


1 2d 

1 3d " " 

1 4th " 




82 " " 
80 " " 
90 " 


11 
11 


11 


1 5th " 

1 Lister Comber, 




130 " " 
36 sweeps " 


11 


It 


1 Noble " 




293 rev. sh. " 


Aug., 1876 
11 


Saxonville Mills, 
II 


1 Single Bobbin, 1st Rov'g, 
1 Double " 2d " 






K 


II 


1 Dandy or 3d " 




.... 


(( 

11 


K 
i< 

( A. T.Stewart & Co., ) 


1 Flier Spinning Frame, 
1 Twister, 


4 ' 


40 


Mar., 1878 


\ Worsted Mills, [ 
i Glenham, N. Y., ) 


1 Wool Washer, 


14 


7 


u 


11 
II 


1 Yarn Squeezer, 
1 1st Preparing Gill, 


14 


5 


11 


II 


1 Screw Gill Balling Head, 






11 

11 
11 
u 
11 


11 
II 
11 
11 
II 
11 


1 Noble Comber, 

1 1st Screw Gill Drawing, 

1 Screw Gill Slubber, 

1 " 1st Roving, 

1 Dandy Roving, 

1 1st Bal'g Box, Sliv. fr'm Cd, 






It 


It 


1 Throstle Spinning Frame, 


'4" 


48* 


11 


11 


1 


4 


16 


11 


11 


1 Twister, 




.... 


11 

11 

It 


11 
It 
II 


1 Redoubler, 

1 Reel, 

1 Print Yarn Winder, 

1 Warp Beamer, 




shaft, 337 


11 


" 


1 Linen Skein Winder, 




• • • > 


11 


11 


1 Warp Dresser, 






11 


" 


1 Small Skein Spooler, 






It 


II 


1 Quill Winder, 






II 


II 


1 27-ft. Print Drum, 3 ft, wide 




.... 


11 


II 


1 18-f t. 9-in. " 3 " " 







77 



WORSTED MACHINERY. 



No. 8p. 


Kev. Spindles. 


Draft. 


E 


oving. Yam. ,l"'v^^* ^ 
Machine, pe 


t.Lb. 
rSpin. 


H.P. 

Machine. 


Spindle 
per H.P. 


120 


2,474 


8.8 


S 


.3 gr. No. 34 810 


6.75 


1.473 


81.5 


120 


5,025 


8 


2 


.06 52 968 


8.07 


1.759 


68 


182 


2,500 


8.8 


S 


.3 34 744.5 


5.64 


1.354 


97.5 


144 


2,470 


8.8 


3 


.3 34 1,170 


8.12 


2.127 


67 


144 


5,025 


8.8 


3 


.3 34 1,618 1 


1.23 


2.941 


49 


144 


5,820 


8.8 


S 


.3 34 2,276 1 


5.1 


4.135 


86.4 


144 


2,356 


8.9 


3 


.1 32 962 


6.68 


1.741 


82.8 


128 


2,356 


8.9 


3 


30 886.5 


6.92 


1.612 


80 


144 


4,575 


8.9 


3 


30 1,440 1 

625 

185 





2.618 

1.126 

.336 


55 


'■'2 ■ 


' * 6*2 






170 




.309 




4 


148 






560 


. . . 


1.018 




6 


200 






510 




.942 




6 


240 






210 




.382 




30 


655 


'9.9' 




517.4 1 

487.5 


7.27 


.94 

.886 


31.8 












404 




.735 














321 




.583 














466 




.848 














345 




.627 










.... 




813 




1.478 














748 




1.361 




'"l" 


150 






201.18 




.366 




2 


200 






241.66 




.439 




12 


250 






307.5 2 


5.66 


.559 


21.4 


128 


3,110 






1,264.29 


9.88 


2.8 


55.6 


108 


2,650 






1,600 1 


4.81 


2.91 


37 






Rakes', 


14 


sw'ps per min. 1,066.82 
345.33 




1.939 

.628 






100 bars per min. 






568.62 




1.033 






205 " " ■ 






225.45 




.41 






240 rev. sh. " 






866.66 




1.573 




'"i" 


250 " " 






289.56 




.526 






265 " " 






694.12 




1.262 




24 


265 " " 






694.12 




1.262 





24 


833 
250 rev. sh. " 






734.44 3 

85 


0.6 " 


1.335 
.154 




'iu" 


2,289 






... No. 5 1,407.14 


9.77 


2.558 




144 


2,289 






12 1,164.29 


8.08 


2.117 


.... 


124 


1,526 






1,028.37 


8.3 


1.87 




42 








148.4 




.27 




41 sk 


25 






107 




.194 





20 dr 


urns 150 






373.33 

165 




.679 
.3 




"25dr 


urns 198 






336 

438.2 

168.18 




.611 

.797 
.306 




"sOdr 


ums 1,234 




•• 


353.31 

114 

121.11 




.642 
.207 
.22 





78 



WORSTED MACHINEBY.— {Continued.) 



Date. 


Plaok. 


Dksoeiption. 


Picks 
perMin. 


Ft. Lb. 


H. P. 




( A. T.Stewart & Co., ) 










Mar., 18Y8 


\ Worsted Mills, [ 
( Glenham, N. Y., ) 


1 18-ft.9-m. Pr. Dr., 6 ft. wide, 




122.55 


.223 






1 f Tapestry Brussels L'm, 


60 


390.74 


.71 






2 8 " '^ " 


80 


301.85 


.549 






1 f Dandy 


80 


464.29 


.844 






1 f 5 Frame Jacquard " 


60 


573.69 


1.043 






1 Set 1 Dry Cans, 24 in. Diam., 




46.33 


.084 






1 Carpet Shear, 




706.66 


1.284 






1 Winding & Meas'g Mach., 




200 


.364 



MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY. 



Date. 



Place. 



May, 


1874 


Mar. 


1875 


July, 


1875 

it 


Oct., 


1875 


May, 


1876 

u 
It 




(( 


Dec., 


1876 




(1 




(1 



Stark Mills, 
j Crosby, Morse & } 
I Co., Boston, ) 
] P. C. Cheney & Co., ) 
I Goffstown, N. H., ] 



j Manchester Mills, ^ 
I Manchester, N. H., J 

( Hopedale, Mass., [ 
( Geo. Draper & Sons j 



j Douglass Braid M., ) 
I Providence, R. I., y 



Descbiption. 



1 Fan in No. 3 Pick'r, 3 ft. Di., 
{ 1 Diamond Grinding Ma- i 
( chine, 12 in. Diam., j 
] 1 Pulp Grinder, 4 ft. Di., [ 
I 4 in. Face, running alone, [ 
\ Same with 1 Sliding Box I 
1 up, 100 lbs. pressure, ) 
j Same with 2 Boxes up, } 
I opposite sides of stone, f 
j Same with 3 Boxes up, [ 
I opposite sides of stone, ) 

iSame with 4 Boxes up, 
opposite sides of stone. 
Belt slipped on this trial, 
j 1 Cloth Shear, Print } 
I Cloth, 4 Cutters, ) 

1 CI. sh., 36 in. CI., 4 Cutters, 
j 1 Soda Pump in Shop, ) 
I 4 in. X 8 in., f 

1 Ring Polish'g Lathe, empty, 
Same in Full Work, 

2 Mill'g Mach., 2 Rings each, 
1 Small Engine Lathe, 

"Duster" in Foun. (Rattlebox), 
" " " Smaller, 

1 Bench, 32 Braiders, 

Same, 22 " 

Difference, 10 " 

1 Bench, 64 " 

j 1 Skein Spooler, 100 sk., ) 

( including Counter Shaft, ) 



Eev. 



827 
2100 

425 

425 

425 

425 

380 

2500 

2500 

18 



Ft. Lb. 



1,396.55 
364.03 

666.66 

1,633.33 

4,466.66 

6,873.24 

7,859.15 

1,733.33 

2,566.66 

94.8 

244.83 
451.73 
555.15 
44.12 
416.66 
313 

216.15 

177.88 

38.27 

338.62 

147.83 



H. P. 



2.54 
.662 

1.212 

2.97 

8.121 

12.5 

14.29 

3.151 

4.666 

.172 

.445 
.821 
1.009 
.08 
.755 
.569 

.393 

.323 
.07 
-.616 

.269 



79 



MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY.— ( Continued.) 



Date. 


Place. 


Descbiption. 


Eev. 


Ft Lb. 


H.P. 


Dec, 1876 


Douglass Braid Mill, Prov., 


1 Tagging Machine, 




39.13 


.071 






1 Reel Bench, 10 Reels, 




25.14 


.046 






1 Braid Finishing Mach., 




245.83 


.447 






1 Straightening " 




61.29 


.111 






1 Balling Head, 




12.6 


.023 




Adams & Shaw, Prov.,Silverw'e, 


1 Sp'd Lathe, turn'g Cups, 


400 


130 


..236 






1 " " Wood, 


1300 


80.43 


.146 






1 Chuck " Dies, 


150 


53.84 


.098 






1 Polish'g Buffer, 6 in. Di., 


2950 


360 


.654 






1 " Spin., 1 " 


2800 


280 


.509 






1 Emery Wheel,12 " 


1200 


187.5 


.341 




Robinson's Sh., Jewelry, Prov., 


1 pr. Flat'ng R'ls for Wire 




113.33 


.206 




(( 


l"break'gd'nR'lsforPI. 




977 


1.773 









SUMMARY OF POWER OF MILLS. 

Mill A. — Heavy Sheetings. Average No. of Yarn spun, 12.75. 



Description. ^ 


'otal 
pin. 


Speed. 


H.P. ea. 


H.P. 


1 Stick Whipper, 








1 


1 Double Creighton Willow, 








12 


2 Bacon Willows, 








4 


3 Kitson, 2 Beaters, 1st Pickers, 




Beat'rs, 1,500 Rev. 


5 


15 


4 " 2 " 2d " 




" 1,500 " 


5 


20 


SWhitins, 3 " 




2,000 " 


4.6 


13.5 


3 Amoskeag, 2 " " 




1,500 " 


4.5 


13.5 


96 36-in. Breaker Cards, 




Cylin'r, 126 " 


.144 


13.824 


2 Lap Heads to same, 






1.25 


2.5 


112 Finisher Cards, 




" 126 " 


.144 


16.128 


16 Railway Heads to same, 






.687 


10.992 


8 Frames, 1st Drawing, 8 Deliv's each. 




per Delivery, 


.11 


7.04 


8 " 2d " 8 " 




" 


.11 


7.04 


16 Lowell Speeders, 30 Spindles each. 


480 


Spindle, 720 Rev. 


.845 


13.52 


28 " " 52 " 1 


,456 


" 904 " 


1.087 


30.436 


163 " Throstle Spin. Fr., 128 Spin, each, 20 


,564 


" 4,100 " 


1.7 


277.1 


5 Sawyer Spin. Ring " 128 " 


640 


5,700 " 


1.3 


6.5 


2 Old St. Lowell " " 144 " 


288 


4,500 " 


1.5 


3 


2 Piatt Bros' Mules, 624 " 1 


,248 




3 


6 


4 3i-in. Ring Twisters, 80 " 


320 


" 2,812 " 


1.467 


5.868 


5 Spoolers, 60 " 


250 


" 600 " 


.25 


1.25 


11 " 40 " 4 


,400 


" 600 " 


.2 


2.2 


6 Winders for Filling, 100 " 


600 


" 2,900 " 


1.5 


9 


6 " " " 50 " 


300 


" 2,900 " 


.75 


4.5 


2 Manchester Warpers, 






.171 


.342 


10 English " 






.125 


1.26 


2 Slashers, 






1.5 


3 


677 36-in. Looms, 




125 Picks 


.16 


108.32 


1 Banding Machine, 




* ' 




.5 


Total Machinery = . 


609.31 


Very Heavy Shafting, estimated at 15^ = . 
H.P. per 1,000 Sp.=30.41 = 33 Sp. per H.P. 

Total = . 








91.396 








700.706 



80 



SUMMARY OP POWER OP MILLS.— (Continued.) 
Mill A. — ( Continued.) 



Per cent, of Power of Machinery, - 



' Picking and Carding, 29.62 
Spinning, 48.02 

Dressing, 4.58 

Weaving, 1*7.78 



100 



Mill B. — Denims, Ticks, etc. Average No. of Yarn, 11. 



Descbiftion. 


Total Sp. 


Speed. 


H.P. ea. 


H.P. 


2 Kitson Comp'nd Opener H'ds, 2 Beat'rs, 




Beat'rs, 1,100 Rev. 


3 


6 


5 " " " " 3 " 




1,100 " 


5.5 


27.5 


5 Amoskeag 1st Pickers, 2 " 




1,100 " 


4.86 


24.3 


10 " 2d " 2 " 




" 1,026 •' 


3.048 


30.48 


264 Breaker Cards, 




Cylin'rs, 110 " 


.144 


38.016 


24 Railway Heads, 




F. Roll, 400 " 


.687 


16.488 


8 Frames, 4 Roll Drawing, 8 Deliv's each. 




240 " 


del .072 


9.168 


8 " 4 " 2d " 8 




240 " 


" .074 


9.456 


8 Lowell Speeders, 6 in. x 12 in., 30 Sp. ea.. 


240 


Spin., 501 " 


.838 


6.704 


16 " " 5 in, X 10 in., 40 " 


640 


601 " 


.949 


15.184 


30 " " 4 in. X 8 in., 64 " 


1,920 


" 906 " 


1.218 


36.54 


198 Throstle Spinning Fr., 128 " 


25,344 


3,700 " 


1.5 


297 


6 Parr & Curtis Mules, 672 " 


4,032 




3 


18 


12 Filling Winders, 100 " 


1,200 


2,910 " 


1.442 


17.304 


13 Spoolers, 80 " 


1,040 


600 " 


.342 


4.446 


8 Reels, 






.143 


1.144 


16 Warpers, 






.171 


2.736 


3 Slashers, 






1.581 


4.743 


2 Dressers, 






1.141 


2.282 


2 Size Kettles, 






.153 


.306 


622 34-in, Looms, 




118 Picks permin. 


.193 


120.046 


6 36-in. " 




118 " 


.193 


1.158 


60 38-in. " 




118 " " 


.197 


11.82 


217 40-in. " 




118 " 


.2 


43.4 


Total Machinery = 


744.221 


Shafting, New, at 10 ^, = 








74.442 


Total = 


818.643 



H. P. per 1,000 Spindles = 27.85 = 35.9 Spindles per H. P. 



Per cent, of Power of Machinery, 



' Picking and Carding, 29.54 
Spinning, 42.33 

Dressing, 4.42 

Weaving, 23.71 

100 



81 

SUMMARY OF POWER OF MIL'LS.— (Continued.) 
Mill C. — Fancy Fantaloonery, Shirting Stripes, etc. Average No. of Yarn, 16.6, 



Desceiption. 


Total 
Spin. 


Speed. 


H.P. ea. 


H.P. 


1 Creighton Willow, 






8 


4 Kitson 2-Beater Openers, 




Beat'rs, 1,500 Rev. 


4.571 


18.284 


44 Breaker Cards, 




Cylin'r, 120 " 


,145 


6.38 


2 " Lap Heads, 22 Cards each, 




10 yds, per min. 


1.016 


2.032 


1 " " Doubler, 




10 " 




.345 


66 Finisher Cards, 




Cylin'r, 120 Rev. 


.145 


9.57 


6 " Railways, 




F. Roll, 320 " 


.38 


2.28 


6 Heads, 4 Roll 1st Drawing, 12 Deliv's, 




155 " 


del. 121 


1.454 


6 " 4 " 2d *' 12 " 




" 200 " 


".165 


1.S6 


3 Slubbers, 64 Spin, each, 10 in. x 5 in., 


' 192 


Spin., 634 " 


1.682 


5.046 


5 Intermed'te,'72 " 9 in. x 4 in.. 


360 


676 " 


1.48 


7.4 


9FineF.Fr.,136 " 7 in. x 3 in., 


1,224 


861 " 


1.377 


12.393 


12 Ring Fr., 160 " No. 9 Yarn, 


1,920 


" 4,053 " 


1.852 


22.226 


11 " 160 " " 16 " 


1,760 


5,067 


1.927 


21.197 


10 " 160 " " 22 " 


1,600 


5,067 


1.917 


19.17 


3 " 140 " " 22 " 


420 


5,067 


1.686 


5.068 


8 Mas'n Mu.,576 " " 11 " 


4,608 


3,400 


1.562 


12.496 


6 Reels, 60 in., 




160 


.143 


.858 


6 Skein Spoolers, 60 in.. 






.34 


2.04 


3 Bobbin Spoolers, 60 in,, 






.25 


.75 


4 Filling Winders, 80 in., 




'"2,000 


.878 


3.312 


7 Warpers, 






.119 


.833 


4 Dressers, 




8 yds. per min. 


1.5 


6 


100 36-in. Plain Looms, 




120 Picks 


.158 


15.8 


36 40-in. " 




120 Picks 


.166 


6 


100 36-in. Crompton, 




118 


.234 


23.45 


Total Machinery = 


214,244 


Add Shafting, 10^,= 






.... 


21.424 


Total = 


235,608 



H. P, per 1,000 Spindles = 22.85 = 43.77 Spindles per H. P, 



Per cent, of Power of Machinery, 



' Picking and Carding, 35.08 
Spinning, 37.41 

Dressing, 6.44 

Weaving, 21.12 

100 



82 



SUMMARY OF POWER OF MIIjIjS.— (Continued.) 
New Mill D. — Fine Sheetings. Average Number of Yarn, 28. 



Description. 


Total 

Spin. 


Speed. 


H.P. ea. 


H.P. 


1 Van Winkle Opener, 








2 


4 Piatt's 36-in. 2-Beater Lappers, 






Beat'rs, 1,100 Rev. 


4.52 


18.08 


64 Saco 36-in. Breaker Cards, 






Cylin'r, 125 " 


.093 


5.952 


1 " " " Lap Head, 






22 ft. per min. 




1.02 


64 " Finisher Cards, 






Cylin'r, 125 Rev. 


.093 


5.952 


8 " " Railways, 






F. Roll, 230 " 


.233 


1.864 


8 Heads, 5-Roll Drawing, 32 Deliv's, 






" 196 " 


del .083 


2.648 


2 Slubbers, 56 Sp. ea., 12 in. x 6 in., 


108 


Spin., 530 " 


1.259 


2.518 


4 Intermediates, 88 " 10 in. x 5 in., 


352 


630 " 


1.091 


4.364 


8 Fine F. Fra., 152 " T in. x 3 in.. 


1,216 


" 1,060 " 


1.256 


10.048 


53 R'g Spin. Fra., 144 " 


7,632 


4,972 " 


1,326 


70.808 


8 Mules, 560 " 


4,480 


3,812 " 


1.736 


13.888 


4 " 592 " 


2,368 


3,812 " 


1.835 


7.34 


5 Spoolers, 100 " 


500 


700 " 


.327 


1.635 


5 Warpers, 






.125 


.625 


1 Slasher, 








1.5 


180 36-in. Looms, 


.... 


125 Picks 


.108 


19.44 


136 40-in. " 




125 " 


.116 


15.776 


Total Machinery = 


185.458 


Shafting by tests = 








21.5 


Total = 


.... 






206.958 



H. P. per 1,000 Spindles = 14.25 = 70 Spindles per H. P. 



Per cent, of Power of Machinery, - 



' Picking and Carding, 29.35 
Spinning, 49.64 

Dressing, 2.01 

Weaving, 19 



100 



Mill E. — Fine Sheetings. Avm-age Number of Yarn, 32. 



Dbschiption. 


Total 
Spin. 


Speed. 


H.P. ea. 


H.P. 


1 Opener and Mixer, 




Beatr's, 700 Rev. 




2 


2 2-Beater Whitin Pickers, 






2,000 " 


3 


6 


2 3-Beater " " 






" 2,000 " 


4 


8 


48 36-in. Cards, 






Cylin'r, 130 " 


.288 


13.824 


2 Railways to same. 






llf yds. per min. 


.247 


.494 


1 Doubler " 











.25 


48 36-in. Finisher Cards, 






Cylin'r, 132 Rev. 


.207 


9.888 


4 Railways to same, 






F. Roll, 394 " 


.507 


2.028 


1 Frame, 1st Drawing, 5-Roll, 6 Deliv's, 






381 " 


-.19 


1.138 


1 " 2d " " 8 " 






" 361 " 


.207 


1.655 



83 



SUMMARY OF POWER OP MlLliS.— (Continued.) 
Mill E. — [Continued.) 



Dksceiption. 


Total 

Spin. 


Speed. 


H.P. ea. 


H.P. 


1 Frame, 3d Drawing, 5-Roll, 20 Deliv's, 




F. Roll, 380 Rev. 


.097 


1.907 


5 Slubbers (Higgins), Bob. 9 in. x 4.2 in.. 


352 


Spin., 


530 " 


.581 


2.944 


5 Fine Fr., " " 7 in. x 3.2 in., 


600 




750 " 


■ .982 


4.91 


6 " (Hill) " 7 in. X 3.2 in., 


680 




750 " 


.824 


4.946 


52 Ring Frames, 


7,328 




5,800 " 


1.74 


90.479 


16 Marvel & Davol Mules, 


9,024 




4,350 " 


2.051 


32.814 


4 Spoolers, 


360 




2,000 " 


.327 


1.31 


4 Warpers, 




. 




.125 


.5 


1 Slasher, 


.... 








1.061 


343 40-in. Looms, 


.... 


129 Picks per min. 



.111 


37 


Total Machinery =z 


223.178 


Shafting, 10$^, = 








.... 


22.318 


Total H. P. = 








.... 


245.496 



H. P. per 1,000 Spindles 



Per cent, of Power of Machinery, 



15.01 = 66.6 Spindles per H. P. 

' Picking and Carding, 26.88 
Spinning, 55.25 

Dressing, 1.29 

Weaving, 16.58 



100 



New Mill F. — Fine Shirtings and Cambrics. Average Number of Yam, 33. 



Desckiption. 


Total 
Spin. 


Speed. 


H.P. ea. 


H.P. 


1 Kitson Opener, 








6 


4 " 2-Beater Lappers, 




Beat'rs, 1,500 Rev. 


4.5 


18 


60 Breaker Cards, 




Cylin'r, 120 " 


.125 


7.5 


1 " Lap Head, 








1 


60 Finisher Cards, 




" 120 " 


.125 


7.5 


6 " Railways, 






.5 


3 


2 Frames, 4-Roll Drawing, 12 Deliv's, 


.... 


F. Roll, 221 " 


d.1.096 


1.16 


2 " " " 12 " 




" 221 " 


" .096 


1.16 


4 Slubbers, 60 Sp. ea., 10 in. x 5 in.. 


240 


Spin., 615 " 


.789 


3.156 


6 Intermediates, 80 " 9 in. x 41 in.. 


480 


773 " 


1.238 


7.428 


11 Fine F. Fr., 144 " 7 in. x 3i in.. 


1,584 


" 934 " 


1.05 


11.55 


64 Ring Sp. Fr., 128 " 


8,192 


5,908 " 


1.258 


80.612 


14 F.F. Pat. Mu., 704 " 


9,856 


5,000 " 


2.084 


29.176 


4 Spoolers, 100 " 


400 


600 " 


.25 


• 1 


6 Warpers, 


.... 




.125 


.75 


1 Slasher, 


.... 






1.5 


200 40-in. Looms, Heavy Cloth, 




120 Picks 


.2 


40 


200 40-in. " Light " 




120 " 


.135 


27 


Total Machinerv = 


247.492 


Shafting, etc., 10^, = 






.... 


24.749 


Total Power = 


.... 




.... 


272.241 



84 



SUMMARY OF POWER OF MlljliS.— {Continued.) 

Mill F. — {Continued.) 
H. P. per 1,000 Spindles = 15.08 = 66.31 Spindles per H. P. 

' Picking and Carding, 27.25 
Spinning, 44.32 

Dressing, 1.36 

Weaving, 27.07 



Per cent, of Power of Machinery, 



100 



Mill G. — Old, partially reneioed, on Corset Jeans. Average No. of Yarn, 33. 



Dbsceiption. 


rota 
Spin 


Speed. 


H.P. ea. 


H.P. 


1 Single Creighton Willow, 




Beat'rs, 820 Rev. 




5.402 


2 Piatt's 2-Beater, 48-in., 1st Pickers, 




1,016 


(( 


4.848 


9.696 


2 " " " 2d " 




" 1,066 


« 


4.566 


9.132 


68 Old 24-iu. Breaker Cards, 




Cylin'r, 127 


(( 


.185 


12.92 


1 Lap Head to same, 36 in.. 




il yds. per min. 




2.539 


44 36-in. Finisher Cards, 




Cylin'r, 127 




'.268 


11.792 


4 Railways to same. 




F. Roll, 360 




.512 


2.048 


4 Heads, S-RoU Drawing, 12 Deliv's, 




" 258 




del. 144 


1.732 


4 " " " 16 " 




296 




".136 


2.182 


2 Slubbers, 60 Sp. ea., 12 in. x 6 in.. 


i2( 


) Spin., 543 




1.448 


2.896 


6 Intermediat's, 80 " 9 in. x 4.2 in.. 


48f 


) " 630 




.977 


5.862 


12FineF. Fr., 136 " 6in.x3 in., 1 


,63$ 


J " 1,000 




.983 


11.796 


36 R'g Sp. Fr., 192 " 7 


,05( 


, " 6,000 




2.143 


77.148 


12 Mason Mules, 512 " 6 


,14^ 


V " 3,690 




2.135 


25.62 


8 " " 480 " 3 


,84( 


) " 3,690 




2.045 


16.36 


6 Spoolers, SO " 


48( 


) " 600 




.228 


1.368 


4 Warpers, 








.177 


.71 


1 Slasher, 










1.5 


100 36-in. Looms, 




130 Picks 




.104 


10.4 


223 40-in. " 




130 " 




.135 


30.077 


28 48-in. " 




122 " 




.138 


3.864 


Total Machinery = 


245.044 


Shafting, etc., from tests, = 










27.41 


Total H. P. = 


272.454 



H. P. per 1,000 Spindles = 16 = 62.5 Spindles per H. P. 



r Picking and Carding, 31.83 
Sninnine. 48.61 



Per cent, of Power of Machinery, -j wfavine 



1.46 
18.1 



100 



85 

SUMMARY OF POWER OF MILLS {Continued.) 

Mill H. — Hew, on Print Cloth, all Mule Spinning. Average No. of Yarn, 31, 



Description. 


Total 
Spin. 


Speed. 


H.P. ea. 


H.P. 


1 Double Creighton Willow, 








.... 


12 


4 Piatt Bros.' 1st Pickers, 




Beat'rs 


1,130 Rev. 


5.806 


23.544 


4 " 2d " with eveners. 




(( 


1,130 " 


6.256 


25.024 


1T6 86-in. Cards, 




Cylin'r, 


136 " 


.167 


29.44 


12 Railways to same, 




F. Roll 


412 " 


.689 


8.273 


4 Frames, 4-Roll, 1st Draw'g, 32 Deliv's, 




(1 


238 " 


del. 115 


3.696 


4 " " 2d " 48 " 




(1 


238 " 


".108 


5.184 


4 Slubbers, 56 Sp. ea., 


224 


Spin., 


630 " 


1.567 


6.268 


2 " 48 " 


96 


II 


630 " 


1.318 


2.636 


14 Intermediates, 66 " 


924 


K 


694 " 


1.418 


19.852 


20 Fine F. Frames, 160 " 


3,200 


l( 


1,070 " 


2.57 


51.4 


38 Warp Mules, Piatt Bros., 552 " 


20,976 


II 


5,300 " 


3.594 


136.572 


34 Weft " " 600 " 


20,008 


l< 


4,200 " 


2.732 


92.888 


14 Spoolers, 80 " 


1,120 


II 


630 " 


.186 


2.6 


12 Warpers, 








.113 


1.36 


3 Slashers, 


.... 






1 


3 


1,008 Looms, 


I 


154 Picks 


.103 


103.549 


Total Machinery = 


527.286 


Shafting, etc., 10^, = 










52.728 


Total H. P. = 








.... 


580.014 



H. P. per 1,000 Spindles = 13.88 = 72 Spindles per H. P. 



Per cent, of Power of Machinery, 



Picking and Carding, 35.52 
Spinning, 43.52 

Dressing, 1.32 

Weaving, 19.54 

100 



86 

SUMMARY OF POWER OF MI'L'LS.—{Coniinued.) 
Mill I. — JVew, on Print Clotlis, all Mule Spinning. Average No. of Yarn, 32. 



Description. 


Total 
Spin. 


Speed. 


H.P. ea. 


H. P. 


2 Kitson's Compound Openers, 




Beat'rs, 1,500 Rev. 


11 


22 


3 " 2-Beater Pickers, 




" 1,500 




5.536 


16.608 


144 36-in. Cards, 




Cylin'r, 120 




.227 


32.688 


12 Railway Heads, 








.666 


8 


24 Deliveries, 1st Drawing, 




F. Roll, 220 




del. 131 


3.136 


48 " 2d " 




" 210 




" .078 


3.72 


8 Slubbers, 48 Sp. ea., 12 in. x 6 in., 


384 


Spin., 550 




1.4 


11.2 


12 Intermediates, 68 " 10 in. x 5 in.. 


816 


" 650 




1.707 


20.484 


20 Fine F. Fra., 144 " 7 in. x 3.2 in., 


2,880 


" 1,060 




1.808 


36.16 


82 Parr & Curtis Warp Mules, 564 Sp. ea.. 


18,048 


" 5,110 




3.025 


96.8 


28 " Weft " 600 " 


16,800 


" 4,110 




2.287 


64.036 


8 Spoolers, 130 " 


1,040 


" 640 




.192 


1.536 


8 Warpers, 








.366 


2.928 


2 Slashers, 








.702 


1.404 


800 Looms, 




154 Picks 




.115 


92.24 


Total Machinery = 


408.94 


Shafting, etc., 10%, = 


.... 








40.894 


Total H. P. = 










449.834 



H. P. per 1,000 Spindles = 13.03 = 76.74 Spindles per H. P. 



Per cent, of Power of Machinery, 



' Picking and Carding, 36.68 
Spinning, 39.33 

Dressing, 1.43 

Weaving, 22.56 



100 



Indicator Cards of Engine, 470.57 H. P. 
Less 5% for Engines, 23.52 " 



Net H. P. of Mill = 



447.05 



SUMMARY OF POWER OF MI1,IjS.— {Continued.) 
Mill K. — iVeiy, on Fine Cambrics. Average Number of Yarn, 49. 



Description. 


Total 
Spin. 


Speed. 


HP., ea. 


H. P. 


1 Kitson 2-Beater Opener, 




Beat'rs, 1,850 Rev, 




6 


4 " " Lappers, 




" 1,350 


11 


3.776 


15.104 


52 36-in. Breaker Cards, 




Cylin'r, 128 


(( 


.085 


4.42 


1 Breaker Lap Head. 




9 yds. per min. 




1.437 


52 36-in. Finisher Cards, 




Cylin'r, 128 Rev. 


.129 


6.708 


4 " Railways to same, 




F. Roll, 290 




.53 


2.12 


12 Deliveries, 1st Drawing, 5-Roll, 




" 226 




del. 11 


1.324 


16 " 2d 




" 226 




.105 


1.684 


3 Slubbers, 48 Sp. ea., 12 in. x 6 in.. 


144 


Spin., 590 




1.343 


4.029 


5 Intermediates, 80 " 10 in. x 5 in.. 


400 


" 736 




1.3 


6.5 


5 Fine F. Fra., 136 " 7 in. x 3.5 in., 


680 


" 968 




1.496 


7.48 


4 " " 136 " 7 in. X 3.5 in.. 


544 


" 979 




1.302 


5.208 


14 Jack Frames, 144 " 5 in. x 2 in., 


2,016 


. " 1,117 




1.096 


15.344 


61 R'gSpin.Fr., 160 " 


9,760 


" 6,800 




1.084 


68.292 


8 Parr & Curtis Mules, 696 Sp. ea., 


5,568 


" 5,600 




3.476 


27.808 


8 " " 552 " 


4,416 


5,600 




3.222 


25.776 


4 Spoolers, 100 " 


400 


" 660 




.167 


.668 


4 Warpers, 


.... 






.118 


.472 


1 Slasher, 


.... 








1.555 


288 Looms (New), 




150 Picks 




.137 


39.456 


Total Machinery = 


241.385 


Shafting, etc., 10^, = 










24.138 


Total H. P. = 


265.523 



H. P. per 1,000 Spindles .— 13.28 = 75.58 Spindles per H. P. 



Per cent, of Power of Machinery, - 



' Picking and Carding, 32.04 

Spinning, 50.5 

Dressing, 1.12 

Weaving, 16.34 

100 



SHAFTIITG. 



The writer is indebted to the courtesy of James B. Francis, Esq., 
of Lowell, for permission to copy the formulae and tables prepared by 
him for the strength and velocity of shafting, after long and careful 
tests made for the Merrimac Manufacturing Co., and originally pub- 
lished by him in " The Journal of the Franklin Institute " for 1867, viz. : 

For 1st shafts, or prime movers, subject to the strain of gears or 
main pulleys : 

Wrought Iron. Binm = V ^^^ ^ ^- ^- ^" ^^ transmitted 

y No. of Rev. per min. 

(The breaking strain being taken at 56,000 lbs. per sq. in.) 



Cast Iron. Diam. = VlST x H. P. to be transmitted 

y No. of Rev. per min. 

(Breaking strain taken at 30,000 lbs. per sq. in.) 



gjggl Diam = 43/ 62.6 x H. P. to b e transmitted 

' No. of Rev. per min. 

(Breaking strain taken at 80,000 lbs. per sq. in.) 

Being equal to 15^ times the breaking power. 

For 2d movers, or long lines, transmitting power : 



Wrought Iron. Diam. = ^ . 



50 X U. P. 



Cast 
Steel. 



No. Rev. per min. 

3/ 83xH. P. 
y No. Rev. per min. 



T No. B 



25 X H. P. 



No. Rev. per min. 



Being equal to 7f times the breaking power. 

For 3d movers, or light counters, driving machines well supported 
by bearings at short distances apart : 

Wrought Iron. Diam. = /^ 
Cast " " =^/ 



Steel. 

No. Rev. per min. 



f 


33 X 


H. P. 


No, 


. Rev. 


per min. 


' 1 


55.5 X 


H. P. 


No, 


, Rev. 


per min. 




21 X 


H. P. 



Or 5^ times the breaking power. 



89 



From the above formulae the relative diameters necessary for the 
same strength may be obtained as follows : 

Wrought Iron 1 

Cast " 1.184 

Steel 0.855 

And the necessary size for shafts of the latter materials may be calcu- 
lated from the following tables for wrought iron, which the writer has 
computed from Mr. Francis's data to an extent covering all necessary 
demands. 

These tables apply to the torsional strains, but it is often neces- 
sary to use shafts larger than are required to transmit the power, in 
order to avoid the transverse strain and consequent friction due to 
flexure, in regard to which I quote Mr. Francis as follows : 

Table of the greatest admissible Distances between the Bearings of continuous Shafts, subject 
to no Transverse Strains except from their own Weight. 





Distance between Bearings, in Feet. 


DIAMETER OF SHAFT, IN INCHES. 


If of Wrought Iron. 


If of steel. 


1 


12.2'7 

15.46 

17.7 

19.48 

20.99 

22.3 

23.48 

24.55 

25.58 

26.44 

27.3 

28.1 


12.61 


2 


15.89 


3 


18.19 


4 


20.02 


5 


21.57 


6 


22.92 


7 


24.13 


8 


25.23 


9 .... 


26.24 


10. . 


27.18 


11 


28.05 


12 


28.88 







" In practice long shafts are scarcely ever entirely free from trans- 
verse strains ; however, in the parts of long lines which have no pul- 
leys or gears, with the couplings near the bearings, the interval 
between the bearings may approach the distances given in the preced- 
ing table. Near the extremities of a line the distances between the 
bearings should be less than are given in the table. The last space 
should not exceed sixty per cent, of the distance there given, the 
deflection in that space being much greater than in other parts of the 
line. In shafts moving with high velocities it will usually be neces- 
sary to shorten the distances between the bearings as given in the 
table, in order to obtain sufficient bearing surface to prevent heating. 



90 

" In factories and workshops power is usually taken off from the 
lines of shafting at many points by pulleys and belts, by means of 
which the machinery is operated. When the machines to be driven 
are below the shaft, there is a transverse strain on the shaft due to the 
weight of the pulley and tension of the belt, which is in addition to the 
transverse strain due to the weight of the shaft itself. Sometimes the 
power is taken off horizontally on one side, in which case the tension of 
the belt produces a horizontal transverse strain, and the weight of the pul- 
ley acts with the weight of the shaft to produce a vertical transverse 
strain. Frequently the machinery to be driven is placed above the floor, 
to which the shaft is hung in the story below ; in this case the transverse 
strain produced by the tension of the belt is in the oi:)posite direction 
to that produced by the weight of the pulley and shaft. Sometimes 
power is taken off in all these directions from the jDart of a shaft 
between two adjacent bearings. To transmit the same power the 
necessary tension of a belt diminishes in proportion to its velocity ; 
consequently, with pulleys of the same diameter, the transverse strain 
will diminish in the same ratio as the velocity of the shaft increases. 
In cotton and woolen factories with wooden floors the bearings are 
usually hung on the beams, which are usually about eight feet apart ; 
and a minimum size of shafting is adopted for the different classes of 
machinery, which has been determined by experience as the least that 
will withstand the transverse strain. This minimum is adopted inde- 
pendently of the size required to withstand the torsional strain due to 
the power transmitted ; if this requires a lai'ger diameter than the 
minimum, the larger diameter is of course adopted. In some of the 
large cotton factories in this neighborhood, in which the bearings are 
about 8 feet apart, a minimum diameter of If inch was formerly 
adopted for the lines of shafting driving looms. In some mills this is 
still retained ; in others 2^ inches and 2/^ inches have been substi- 
tuted. In the same mills the minimum size of shafts driving spinning 
machinery is from 2^ to 2^^ inches. In very long lines of small shaft- 
ing fly-wheels are put on at intervals, to diminish the vibratory action 
due to the irregularities in the torsional strain." 

The proper velocity for shafting has been of late the subject of 
much discussion and experiment, and has been greatly increased from 
former standards in the most approved modern mills, and a velocity of 
from 200 to 250 revolutions per minute is now usually adopted for 
carding and weaving rooms, as giving a fair proportionate size of pul- 
leys, where the speed of the pulleys on the cards and looms varies from 
130 to 160 revolutions per minute, while 300 to 350 revolutions per min- 
ute seems not too much for spinning rooms, where the speed of the 
cylinder on the frames varies from 600 to 900 revolutions, and will 



91 

allow the use of 20-inch to 30-inch pulleys on the shaft, belting on to 
a 10-inch pulley on the frame, instead of the 6-inch or 7-inch pulleys 
formerly used, thus giving a much better holding surface to the belt, 
and from its high velocity allowing it to be much lighter while trans- 
mitting the same power, and with less strain and friction on the jour- 
nals. At these velocities a line of 2-inch shaft in the weaving room, 
at 200 revolutions, will transmit 32 horse-power, or drive 256 looms at 
8 looms per horse-power, and one of 2^ inches, at 300 revolutions, in 
the spinning room, will transmit 68 horse-power, or drive 6,800 spin- 
dles at 100 spindles per horse-power. 

These sizes are, however, capable of transmitting all the power 
required for the whole line, and are usually diminished as the power is 
taken off at intervals ; but in such cases care is taken either to place 
the transmitting pulleys as close as possible to the bearings or to add 
supplementary bearings to support the shaft close to the pulleys, where 
it is necessary to place the latter in or near the middle of a " bay," or 
space between beams. In some of the latest mills the sizes given by 
the table for 3d movers are adopted for line shafting or 2d movers, 
and additional hangers for bearings are provided ; and in one new 
mill which the writer has recently visited the main tie beams of the 
mill are 10 feet apart, but the bays or spaces are divided by supple- 
mentary beams for the support of bearings, so that the shafting is 
everywhere supported at intervals of 5 feet. This gives it a sufficient 
resistance to flexure to permit of the use of the third table of sizes, 
in which the factor of safety or strength in excess of the breaking 
strain is 5|-, which is ample for most purposes so far as strength is 
concerned, although machines having a reciprocating motion, like 
looms and mules, will sometimes require a greater diameter, to insure 
rigidity of shaft and steadiness of motion. 

The use of "cold-rolled shafting" will also enable the further 
application of the third table to sizes for 2d movers or line shafting, 
as the experiments made by Professor Thurston, of the Stevens Insti- 
tute of Technology, on cold-rolled iron from the works of Messrs. Jones 
& Loughlin, of Pittsburgh, Pa., show its great advantage in stiffness 
and elasticity, as might be expected from the perfect and uniform con- 
densation of the fibres of the iron. We have not space here to copy 
the details of the experiments, but give the conclusions drawn by Pro- 
fessor Thurston, stating also that our own observation of mills where 
this shafting has been introduced leads us to believe in its great superi- 
ority to turned shafting from hot-rolled iron. The writer would not, 
however, advise the use of any line shafting less than 1^ inch diame- 
ter, except possibly the last length in the line. 

1. The process of cold rolling produces a very marked change in 
the physical properties of the iron thus treated : 



. 92 

{a.) It increases the tenacity from 25 to 40 per cent., and the 
resistance to transverse stress from 50 to 80 per cent. 

(b.) It elevates the elastic limits under both tensile and transverse 
stresses from 80 to 125 per cent. 

(c.) The modulus of elastic resilience is elevated from 300 to 400 
per cent. The elastic resilience to transverse stress is augmented from 
150 to 425 per cent. 

2, Cold rolling also improves the metal in other respects : 

(a.) It gives the iron a smooth, bright surface, absolutely free from 
the scale of black oxide unavoidably left when hot rolled. 

(b.) It is made exactly to gauge, and for many purposes requires 
no further preparation. 

(c.) In working the metal the wear and tear of the tools are less 
than with hot-rolled iron, thus saving labor and expense in fitting. 

(d.) The cold-rolled iron resists stresses much more uniformly than 
does the untreated metal. Irregularities of resistance exhibited by the 
latter do not appear in the former ; this is more particularly true for 
transverse stress, as is shown by the smoothness of the strain-diagrams 
produced by the cold-rolled bars. 

(e.) This treatment of iron produces a very important improvement 
in uniformity of structure, the cold-rolled iron excelling common iron 
in its uniformity of density from surface to center, as well as in its 
uniformity of strength from outside to the middle of the bar. 

The proportion of length of the bearing of a shaft to its diameter 
is a question which has caused much discussion, and the writer has 
been asked to give his opinion ; and, although he does it with all 
modesty, he will say that he is inclined to favor a length of three 
times the diameter, as being the best point for practical use when the 
shafts can be kept well in line and well lubricated. This proportion 
with proper couplings will afford sufficient bearings, and by the use 
of swivel bearings avoid any unnecessary twist or strain at the end of 
the boxes. Lubrication also deserves some notice, and here the au- 
thor's opinions are positive, and confirmed by his tests, in favor of 
continuous lubrication with oil, which oil should be mixed to suit the 
weight in the bearing, in various proportions of mineral and animal 
oils. One half of each is a very good proportion for medium shaft- 
ing, say petroleum and sperm or lard, while for light bearings the 
petroleum may be three fourths, and for heavy ones the animal oil 
may be neatsf oot. 

Grease or tallow is an abomination ; and where old boxes fitted for 
it are in use, with holes through the cover of bearing for the tal- 
low to run down when it gets hot enough to melt, these holes may be 
filled with sponge and kept saturated with oil. 



93 



Table of Horse-Powei' which can be safely carried by \st Movers at different Velocities, 
Factor of Safety being = 15.5. 



.9 


Kevolutions per Minute. 


a 
II 

5 

6 


Eevolutiona per Minute. 




50 


100 


150 


200 


250 


300 


50 


100 


150 200 


s 


Horse-Power. 


Horse-Power. 


1 


.5 


1 


1.5 


2 


2.5 


3 


108 


216 


324 


•432 


1.25 


.975 


1.95 


2.92 


3.9 


4.87 


5.85 


6.25 


122.07 


244.14 


366.21 


488 


1.5 


1.68 


3.37 


5.04 


6.74 


8.4 


10.11 


6.5 


137.31 


274.62 


411.93 


549 


1.75 


2.68 


5.36 


8.04 


10.72 


13.4 


16.08 


6.75 


153.72 


307.55 


461.16 


615 


2 


4 


8 


12 


16 


20 


24 


7 


171.5 


343 


514.5 


686 


2.25 


5.69 


11.39 


17.07 


22.78 


28.45 


34.17 


7.25 


190.54 


381.08 


671.62 


762 


2.5 


7.81 


15.62 


23.43 


31.24 


39,05 


46.86 


7.5 


210.93 


421.87 


632.79 


843 


2.75 


10.4 


20.8 


31.2 


41.6 


52 


62.4 


7.75 


232.74 


465.48 


698.22 


931 


•6 


13.5 


27 


40.5 


54 


67.5 


81 


8 


256 


512 


768 


1,024 


3.25 


17.16 


34.33 


51.5 


68.66 


85.8 


103 


8.25 


280.76 


561.52 


842 


1,123 


3.5 


21.43 


42.87 


64.29 


85.74 


107.15 


128.61 


8.5 


307.06 


614.12 


921 


1,228 


3.75 


26.36 


52.73 


79.08 


105.46 


131.8 


158.19 


8.75 


334.96 


669.92 


1,005 


1,340 


4 


32 


64 


96 


128 


160 


192 


9 


364.5 


729 


1,093.5 


1,458 


4.25 


38.38 


76.77 


115.15 


153.54 


191.9 


230.31 


9.25 


395.72 


791.45 


1,187 


1,583 


4.5 


45.56 


91.12 


136.68 


182.24 


227.8 


273.36 


9.5 


428.68 


857.37 


1,286 


1,715 


4.75 


53.58 


107.17 


160.75 


214.34 


267.9 321.54 ! 


9.75 


463.43 


926.86 


1,390 


1,854 


5 


62.5 


125 


187.5 


250 


312.5 


375 


10 


500 


1,000 


J,500 


2,000 


5.25 


72.35 


144.7 


217.05 


289.4 


361.75 


434.1 


11 


665.5 


1,331 


1,995 


2,662 


5.5 


83.18 


166.37 


249.54 


322.75 


415.9 


499.11 


12 


864 


1,728 


2,592 


3,456 


5.75 


95.05 


190.11 


285.15 


380.22 


475.25 


570.33 


13 


1,053.5 


2,107 


3,160.5 


4,214 



Table of Horse-Power for Shafting for Long Lines of Transmission, or 2d Movers, 
Factor of Safety being = 7.75. 



a 




Eevolutions per 


Minute. 




a 
il 

5 


Eevolutions per Minute. 


II 


100 


150 


200 


250 


300 


100 


150 


200 


250 


300 


o 




H 


Drse-Pow 


er. 




Horse-Power. 




2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


H 


77.88 


116.83 


155.76 


194.7 


233.64 


H 


2.88 


4.32 


5.76 


7.2 


8.64 


3+ 


85.74 


128.61 


171.48 


214.35 


257.22 


H 


3.9 


5.85 


7.8 


9.75 


11.7 


H 


95.25 


142.86 


190.5 


238.1 


285.75 


n 


5.2 


7.8 


10.4 


13 


15.6 


3f 


105.46 


158.19 


210.92 


263.65 


316.38 


u 


6.74 


10.11 


13.48 


16.85 


20.22 


n 


116.37 


174.54 


232.74 


290.9 


349 


H 


8.58 


12.87 


17.16 


21.45 


25.74 


4 


128 


192 


256 


320 


384 


H 


10.72 


16.08 


21.44 


26.8 


32.16 


4^ 


140.38 


210.57 


280.76 


351 


421.14 


H 


13.18 


19.77 


26.36 


32.95 


39.54 


4+ 


15 3.. 54 


230.31 


307 


383.85 


460.62 


2 


16 


24 


32 


40 


48 


H 


167.48 


251.22 


335 


418.7 


502.48 


2* 


19.19 


28.77 


38.38 


47.95 


57.57 


U 


182.24 


273.36 


364.48 


455.6 


546.72 


2+ 


22.78 


34.17 


45.56 


56.95 


68.34 


H 


197.86 


296.79 


395.72 


494.65 


593.58 


^ 


26.79 


40.17 


53.58 


66.95 


80.37 


4f 


214.34 


321.54 


428.68 


535.85 


643 


24- 


31.24 


46.86 


62.48 


78.1 


93.72 


4^ 


231.71 


347.55 


463.42 


579.25 


695.73 


H 


36.18 


54.27 


72.36 


90.45 


108.54 


5 


250 


375 


500 


625 


750 


n 


41.6 


62.4 


83.2 


104 


124.8 j 


5+ 


289.4 


434.1 


578.8 


723.5 


868.2 


^ 


47.52 


71.28 


95 


118.8 


141.56 ' 


5+ 


332.75 


499 


665.5 


831.87 


998.25 


3 


54 


81 


108 


135 


162 


5f 


380.22 


570.33 


760.44 


950.55 


1,140.66 


3* 


61.02 


91.53 


122 


152.55 


183 


6 


432 


648 


864 


1,080 


1,296 


3i 


68.66 


103 


137.32 


171.65 


206 

1 















94 



Table of Horse-Power for Shafting for CoutUer Shafts, well supported, or M Movers. 
Factor of Safety = S.lY. 









Eevolutions pei 


■ Minute. 






Diameter 
in Inches. 


100 


150 


200 


250 


300 


850 


400 




Horse-Power. 


1 


3 


4.5 


6 


7.5 


9 


10.5 


12 


l-i'^s 


3.59 


5.37 


7.18 


9.95 


10.77 


12.53 


14.36 


li 


4.2'7 


6.54 


8.54 


10.9 


12.81 


15.26 


17.08 


1-1% 


5.02 


7.53 


10.04 


12.55 


15.06 


17.57 


20.08 


4 


6.85 


8.77 


11.7 


14.62 


17.55 


20.47 


23.4 


lA 


6.78 


10.17 


13.56 


16.95 


20.24 


23.73 


27.12 


If 


1.19 


11.67 


15.58 


19.45 


23.37 


27.23 


81.16 


lA- 


8.91 


13.35 


17.82 


22.25 


26.73 


81.15 


35.64 


li 


10.11 


15.16 


20.22 


25.27 


30.33 


35.38 


40.44 


1-1% 


11.44 


17.16 


22.88 


28.6 


34.82 


40 


45.76 


If 


12.87 


19.29 


25.74 


32.15 


38.61 


45 


51.48 


IH 


14.41 


21.6 


28.82 


86 


43.23 


50.4 


57.64 


If 


16.08 


24.12 


32.16 


40.2 


48.24 


56,28 


64.32 


iH 


17.86 


26.79 


35.72 


44.65 


53.58 


62.51 


71.44 


li 


19.77 


29.64 


39.54 


49.4 


59.31 


69.16 


79.08 


ih 


21.81 


32.7 


43.62 


54.5 


65.43 


76.3 


87.24 


2 


24 


36 


48 


60 


72 


84 


96 


2-iV 


26.32 


39.48 


52.64 


65.8 


79 


92.12 


105.28 


2i 


28.78 . 


43.17 


57.56 


71.95 


86.34 


100.73 


115.12 


2-,% 


81.4 


47.1 


62.8 


78.5 


94.2 


109.9 


125.6 


2i 


34.17 


51.25 


68.34 


86.42 


102.51 


119.6 


136.68 


2A 


37.09 


55.63 


74.18 


92.72 


111.27 


129.81 


148.36 


2f 


40.18 


60.27 


80.36 


100.45 


120.54 


140.63 


160.72 


2-1% 


43.44 


65.16 


86.88 


108.6 


130.82 


152.04 


173.76 


2i 


46.87 


70.8 


93.74 


117.17 


140.61 


164.04 


187.48 


2-.% 


50.46 


75.69 


100.92 


126.15 


151.38 


176.61 


201.84 


2f 


54.27 


81.4 


108.54 


135.67 


162.81 


189.54 


217.08 


2U 


58.23 


87.35 


116.46 


145.57 


174.69 


208.8 


232.92 


2f 


62.4 


93.6 


124.8 


156 


187.2 


218.4 


249.6 


2U 


66.74 


100.11 


133.48 


166.85 


200.22 


233.59 


266.96 


2| 


71.28 


106.92 


141.56 


176.95 


213.84 


249.49 


285.12 


2H 


76.04 


114.96 


152.08 


190.1 


228.12 


266.14 


804.16 


3 


81 


120.5 


162 


202.5 


243 


283.5 


324 



The above tables are carried out to an extent beyond all probable 
need, but may possibly be useful in extreme cases ; and it should be 
remembered that the first length of shaft in a line, which carries the 
receiving pulley, and has to bear the vertical or lateral strain of the 
main belt, being also usually of considerable length, should generally 
be of the size given in the first table. 



BELTING. 



Ant general rule for the speed of belts to convey a given number of 
horse-powers will of course be somewhat varied by situation and cir- 
cumstances, but the writer believes that the following data and deduc- 
tions will be found reliable for well tanned leather belts under ordinary 
conditions : 

MoEiisr gives .551 lb. per .00155 sq. in. section as a safe working 
strain, which is equal to 551 lbs. per 1.55 sq. in., or 355 lbs. per sq. in., 
and assumes the thickness of an ordinary single belt to be .16 in., 
which gives the safe strain on each inch of width to be equal to 56.8 lbs. 

Haswell, in his " Engineer's Pocket-Book," gives the safe strain 
in like manner at 350 lbs. per sq. in., or equal to 56 lbs. per inch width 
of ordinary belt. 

Rankixe gives 285 lbs. per sq. in., or 45.6 per inch width, and 
copies from Towne's tables, in " The Journal of the Franklin Insti- 
tute," the following : 

Breaking strain per inch width in solid leather 6*75 lbs. 

" " " " at rivet holes of splice 362 " 

" " " " at lacing holes 210" 

Safe working tension 45 " 

Mr. James S. Atwood, of Wauregan, Conn., has prepared a table 
for his own use, based on 330 lbs. per sq. in. as a safe working tension. 

The very valuable collection of data and observations published by 
Mr. J. H. Cooper, of Philadelphia, gives a very wide range of opin- 
ions from various authorities, extending from 40 to 100 lbs. per inch 
in width of ordinary belting, as consistent ^dth safety. 

Mr. Cooper has also published in " The Journal of the Franklin 
Institute " for ]N'overaber, 1878, a paper containing a translation from 
the French of M. Laborde, originally published prior to 1833, and 



96 

based on a working tension of only 20 lbs. per inch in width, but from 
which Mr. Cooper deduces the following simple rule for strength, viz. : 
" It is the stress in pounds vjhich each inch of belt icidth loill safely 
and continuously bear at any velocity.'''' 

The tests made with Riehle's breaking machine at the Centennial 
Exhibition showed a breaking strain per sq. in. ranging from 3,000 to 
5,000 lbs., or from 500 to 833 lbs. per 1 in. in width and \ in. in thick- 
ness, which I assume to be about the average of single belting. 

The' writer's own experience has shown him that a rule given him 
many years since by an experienced mechanic, of " 600 ft. velocity per 
1 inch of belt width per horse-potoer^'' was perfectly reliable ; and the 
reasons for it may be deduced from the above data as follows : 

Assuming as a basis a fair average from the various tests, of a safe 
working strain of 330 lbs. per sq. in., or 55 lbs. for \ in. in thickness, 
about one quarter of the strength shown by Mr. Towne's tests at the 
lacing holes, we may obtain a very simple formula for velocity : 
33,000 lbs. lifted 1 ft. per minute being the accepted unit of a horse- 
power, 1 sq. in. of belt must then move 100 ft., per minute to transmit 
the same, 330x100 being = 33,000 ; and \ sq. in. or 1 in. width of 
ordinary belting must move 600 ft. per minute, equal to 50 sq. ft. of 
belt per minute, which I therefore adopt as my rule for single belts. 
Double belting will vary from ^ to ^ or f in. in thickness, and of 
course require proportionately less velocity per horse-power ; and the 
following rules may be deduced for all dimensions, viz. : 

" Multiply the denominator of the fraction expressing the thick- 
ness of the belt in inches by 100, and divide by the numerator, for the 
necessary velocity in feet per minute for each inch in width ; " viz., 
to transmit 1 horse-power : 

^ in. = 6 X 100 = 600 ft. per minute. 

8 X 100 

l in. = = 266.66 " " 

^ 3 

J in. = 4 X 100 = 400 " " 

The velocity and width being given, to get the horse-power : 
" Divide the actual velocity by the velocity per horse-power as above, 
and multiply by the width ; " viz., for a 12-in. belt, single, 2,400 ft. 
per minute : 

2,400 

~ =4 X 12 = 48 H. P. 

600 

The velocity and horse-power being given, to get the inches in 
width : " Divide, the velocity by the velocity per inch obtained as 



97 

above, and divide the horse-power by the product ; " viz., for a belt 
3,000 ft. per minute to transmit 50 horse-power : 

3,000 50 H. P. 

= 5. = 10 in. 

600 5 

These rules will, however, be varied by circumstances. Belts, 
when stopping and starting, or shifting from one pulley to another, as 
in the case of looms and mules are frequent, should, on account of the 
wear and tear, be made wider than the power only requires. Also any 
great difference in the size of pulleys, materially decreasing the angle 
of friction on the smaller pulley, will require an increase of width, to 
give the necessary holding surface. 

Belts should be used with the grain or hair side next the pulley ; 
they will hold better and wear longer. 

So far as the capacity of the belt itself to transmit power is con- 
cerned, independent of the frictional surface of the pulleys, the follow- 
ing table may prove convenient for reference for single belts of the 
average thickness of ^ in., and from it may be readily deduced the 
available power to be derived from double belts according to their 
thickness. There are, however, other points to be considered than the 
one of the actual strength of the belt, the most important one of which 
is its friction or " hold " upon the pulley. 

It is generally conceded that the friction of a belt passing half 
around a pulley is equal to one half the strain on the belt ; or that an 
inch belt at 600 ft. per minute, with a strain of 55 lbs., would give a 
pressure of 27.5 lbs., and require a pulley which would give 1,200 
lineal feet per minute of surface contact, to obtain the 1 H. P. to 
which the belt would be equal. Morin, in his "Mechanics," gives 
as the result of actual trials with a loaded belt over a wooden drum an 
average friction of 50 per cent., which Avould be increased by using a 
pulley covered with leather ; and a polished iron pulley, with a smooth, 
flexible belt, may, I think, be depended on in actual use for 50 per cent. 
The most scientific writers commit gross errors in treating of this 
question. Professor Rankine says that the rough or flesh side of the 
belt should be next to the pulley to get friction ; whereas the friction 
of a belt is due to close contact and the consequent atmospheric pres- 
sure from outside, so that the best result is obtained by a smooth sur- 
face of leather, which, being moderately elastic, admits of the com- 
plete expulsion of the air between the surfaces and the consequent full 
effect of the external pressure. 

Considering this established in practice, that the available friction 
is 50 per cent, of the strain, I find in use the following rules (which 



98 

agree very closely with my previous conclusions) for getting at the 
proper width of a belt where the speed and amount of contact surface 
are determined by the necessities of the case. 

The Page Belting Co., of Concord, N. H., gives the following for- 
mula : 

No. H. P. X 36,000 



Inches width = 



Velocity in ft. x i contact length in inches 



In Cooper's admirable collection of " Belting Facts and Figures," 
I find the following : " Professor Thurston gives : 

No. H. P. X 7,000 
Width in inches — 



Velocity in ft. x contact length in ft. 
Mr. F. W. Bacon, C. E., says : 

No. H. P. X 6,000 

Velocity in ft. x contact length in ft.' 



Width in inches = 



which is only a different way of expressing the rule given by the Page 
Belting Co. Messrs. Hoyt Bros., of New York, say : 



H. P. X 5,334 
w ^ 



Velocity x contact in ft. 



Van Riper, of Paterson, gives the same rule ; and some one, whose 
name is not given, says : 

H. P. X 26,000 „ 

W — 



Velocity x contact in ft. x 6 
My own deductions would give, in the lerms of the Page formula : 

^.,,. . ■ u N^o- H- P- X 33,000 

Width in inches = ' ; 

Velocity in ft. x ^ contact in inches 
or, reduced to feet, as by Mr. Bacon, for a single belt : 
„ H. P. X 5,500 



Velocity x contact in ft. ' 
or for a double belt : 

W— H. P. X 3,660 

Velocity x contact in ft. 

In this rule for double belts I have assumed ^ in. in thickness and 
82|^ lbs, strain ; but, if the belt be, as many are, f in. thick, it would 
of course bear from 110 to 120 lbs., and 267 ft. per minute would give 



99 

1 H. P. per inch ; and the formula for contact with one half the sur- 
face, or 180°, would be 

^ ^ H. P. X 2,444 



Velocity x contact length in ft. 



These formulae are based on my previous data of a velocity of 50 
sq. ft. per minute, or a strain of 55 lbs. per inch on a single belt, and 
on the belt being in contact with one half the circumference of the 
pulley. Now, the friction varies with the arc of the circle with which 
the belt is in contact, and is only half as great on one quarter of a pul- 
ley as on one half of one ; so that double the surface in square inches 
will be required to transmit the same power in the former case that 
would be needed in the latter, and the numerator of the formula for 
single belts would be H. P. X 11,000. This will be easily understood 
by those who know the enormous hold given by passing the rope from 
a pulley-block once around a post where the whole surface is in con- 
tact. If one third of the circumference is in contact, the coefficient 
in the numerator would be 8,250. 

Carrying out these rules, it will be easily seen that, where high 
speed is to be obtained by the use of small pulleys, a much greater 
width of belt is necessary to get the frictional surface than is called 
for by the strength of the leather ; and it will be found that for cir- 
cular saws, cotton pickers, spinning frames, etc., a wider belt is needed 
than is due to the actual power transmitted. Take, for instance, a 
spinning frame, with a 7-in. pulley, 900 revolutions per minute, or 
1,650 ft. belt velocity, and requiring 1^ H. P. One inch of belt at 
that speed would transmit 2^ H. P., but the contact surface of the 
pulley would not be over 10 in. in length, and by the above rules calls 
for a 3-in. belt, which is the standard size for that purpose. 

A good practical example of a main belt in actual use, under the 
writer's frequent observation, is that of a 24-in. double belt, at a ve- 
locity of 3,200 ft. per minute, transmitting 160 H. P. to a pulley 4 ft. 
10 in, in diameter. 

Taking the first formula for double belts as above, the width 

should be 

160 H. P. X 3,660 „. ,.. 

W = = 24.14 in. 

3,200 X 1.58 (i circle) 

This belt has now run seven years without repair. 

According to the rules for the strength only, it would transmit 
192 H. P., but the smaller pulley should then be 5 ft. 9.6 in, diameter, 
instead of 4 ft. 10 in. 



100 



2'able of Power which may be transmitted by Single Belts of different Widths and Velocities, 
averaging one sixth of an inch in thickness. 



Q 










Velocity in Feet per Minute. 










600 


800 


1,000 


1,200 


1,500 


2,000 


2,500 


3,000 


3,500 


4,000 


5,000 


Horse-Power. 


1 


1 


1.33 


1.66 


2 


2.5 


3.33 


4.16 


5 


5.83 


6.66 


8.33 


2 


2 


2.66 


3.33 


4 


5 


6,66 


8.33 


10 


11.66 


13.33 


16.66 


3 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7.5 


10 


12.5 


15 


17.5 


20 


25 


4 


4 


5.33 


6.66 


8 


10 


13.33 


16.66 


20 


23.33 


26.66 


33.33 


5 


5 


6.66 


8.33 


10 


12.5 


16.66 


20.83 


25 


29.16 


33.33 


41.66 


6 


6 


8 


10 


12 


15 


20 


25 


30 


35 


40 


50 


8 


8 


10.66 


13.33 


16 


20 


26.66 


33.33 


40 


46.66 


53.33 


66.66 


10 


10 


13.33 


16.66 


20 


25 


33.33 


41.66 


50 


58.33 


66.66 


83.33 


12 


12 


16 


20 


24 


30 


40 


50 


60 


70 


80 


100 


14 


14 


18.66 


23.33 


28 


35 


46.66 


•58.33 


70 


81.66 


93.33 


116.66 


16 


16 


21.33 


26.66 


32 


40 


53.33 


66.66 


80 


93.33 


106.66 


133.33 


18 


18 


24 


30 


36 


45 


60 


75 


90 


105 


120 


150 


20 


20 


26.66 


33.33 


40 


50 


66.66 


83.33 


100 


116.66 


133.33 


166.66 


22 


22 


29.33 


36.66 


44 


55 


73.33 


91.66 


110 


128.33 


146.66 


183.33 


24 


24 


32 


40 


48 


60 


80 


100 


120 


140 


160 


200 


26 


26 


34.66 


43.33 


52 


65 


86.66 


108.33 


130 


151.66 


173.33 


216.66 


28 


28 


3'7.33 


46.66 


56 


70 


93.33 


116.66 


140 


163.33 


186.66 


233.33 


30 


30 


40 


50 


60 


75 


100 


125 


150 


175 


200 


250 


32 


32 


42.66 


53.33 


64 


80 


106.66 


133.33 


160 


186.66 


213.33 


266.66 


34 


34 


45.33 


56.66 


68 


85 


113.33 


141.66 


170 


198.33 


216.66 


283.33 


36 


36 


48 


60 


n 


90 


120 


150 


180 


210 


240 


300 



WATER-WHEELS. 



The following tables of the Turbine Wheel tests at the Centennial 
Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876 will be explained by the annexed 
extract from the Official Report made by me to Captain John S. 
Albert, Chief of the Bureau of Machinery. The calculations as pub- 
lished in the report were revised by another person after leaving my 
hands, and published over my name without my knowledge. Some 
errors were corrected, and many more introduced, and I have there- 
fore recalculated the whole, with the aid of Vega's logarithmic tables ; 
so that the results as now shown may be regarded as substantially 
correct. 

In several instances they have been confirmed by tests since made 
by other persons, to whom the wheels had been taken by disap- 
pointed exhibitors for new trials. 



TESTS OF TURBINE WATER-WHEELS. 

"The water was furnished by a pair of powerful centrifugal 
pumps, exhibited by Messrs. W. L. Andrews & Co., of New York, 
and driven by oscillating engines, which raised from 1,800 to 1,900 
cubic feet of water per minute to a tank placed at the end of the Hy- 
draulic Annex, the overflow of which was 33 feet above the level of 
the water in the large tank in the center of the building, from which 
it was pumped. 

" This water usually formed the ' cataract,' which was stopped par- 
tially or wholly while testing the Turbines. 

" From this tank a wrought-iron tube or ' penstock,' 4 feet in diam- 
eter, descended to the ' flume,' or case in which the wheels were set, 
and which was 8 feet in diameter by 6 feet in height, supported by a 
brick wall resting on a granite bedstone. From the wheels the water 



102 

was conducted by an ample passage to a rack or strainer 30 feet from 
the wheel, and stretching across a brick tail-race 14 feet wide by 8 
deep, at the lower end of which, 15 feet below the rack, was the meas- 
uring weir, 9 feet long, formed of a heavy cast-iron plate planed to a 
true edge one eighth of an inch thick, and beveled from that on the 
lower side at an angle of 45°. The upright ends of the weir were 
made of Georgia pine, cut and beveled to the same dimensions, and 
were carefully adjusted by Mr. Samuel S. Webber, and verified by 
myself. 

"The hook gauge, loaned for the experiments * by Mr. T. H. Ris- 
don, was placed in a tight wooden box 6 feet up stream from the 
weir, and the water was admitted to this box, for the purpose of 
measurement of height, by a few f-inch holes bored in the bottom of 
the box, 3 feet below the surface of the water ; and an examination of 
the very thorough test of the Tait wheel shows the sensitiveness with 
which the weir measurement responded to the changes of load and 
variation in the number of revolutions of the wheel. 

" The apparatus for measuring .the power consisted of a friction 
pulley fitted to the wheel shaft, 37.44 inches diameter and 18 inches 
face, which was clasped by a Prony brake, consisting of a pair of cast- 
iron shoes lined with wood, from one of which projected an oak arm 
6 by 4 inches, through which a knife-edged eye-bolt was fastened at a 
distance from the center of the shaft of 10.5 feet, or the radius of a 
66-feet circle. These portions of the apparatus, with the scale-pan 
and hydraulic regulator, 16 inches diameter, were also kindly loaned 
by Mr. Risdon. 

" To facilitate the handling of the weights, this lever was con- 
nected by an iron rod with the short arm of a bell-crank or scale-beam 
2 feet in height, while the longer arms, which were attached to the 
scale-pan and regulator, were 4 feet each, thus giving a leverage of 
132 to 1 for each pound placed in the scale. All the pivots or bear- 
ings of this scale-beam were of steel, knife-edged, and bearing in 
hardened iron sockets. 

" The weights used were United States standard, and were kindly 
loaned by Messrs. Fairbanks & Co. The pulley, weighing 1,000 
jDOunds, rested on the shaft and step of the wheel, corresponding in 
some measure to the usual ' crown-gear ' ; but the brake, which 
weighed 1,600 pounds, was suspended by a swivel from a beam di- 
rectly over the center of the wheels, so as to allow perfect freedom 
of motion in any direction. An examination of the records will also 
show the sensitiveness and accuracy of this part of the apparatus, 
every distance and dimension of which I carefully measured and ad- 
justed personally before commencing the tests. 



103 

" The head of water acting on the wheels was ascertained by a 
gauge-rod, having a hook at the lower end, which was carefully kept 
at the level of the tail-water in a box sunk in the floor and connected 
with the tail-race by a perforated pipe ; while a pipe led from the case 
to the level of the head- water, where a glass tube enabled the observer 
to read at once the acting head by the graduations on the upper end 
of the gauge-rod. 

" Experiments not strictly belonging to the wheel tests were made, 
showing that the same wheel, with the same load, at different times 
repeated the number of revolutions very accurately, and proved the 
correctness of the apparatus. The revolutions of the wheel were as- 
certained by a worm-gear clock, which was thrown in and out of con- 
nection with the shaft of the wheel, at signals given by a bell, which 
was struck at intervals of one or two minutes, according to the length 
of test desired. 

" The friction pulley was accurately balanced before commencing 
the tests, and, when the wheels themselves were truly set, ran with 
perfect steadiness and regularity. 

" In conducting these tests I have been assisted by the following 
gentlemen, our watches being all set to the same time before com- 
mencing the tests, and simultaneous observations being taken during 
their entire duration. These observations being noted down as taken, 
a comparison of the different note-books gave a record of all the 
points in the test at every half -minute of its duration." 

"Mr. Percy Sanguinetti read the hook gauge, giving the height of 
water on the weir ; Mr. Philip R. Voorhees read the gauge giving 
the head of water acting on the wheel ; Mr. Samuel S. Webber man- 
aged the counting clock and read the revolutions of the wheel, and 
also saw that the lubrication was perfect ; while Mr. John Cotter, 
Superintendent of the Hydraulic Annex, kept the records of the 
weight and revolutions, and assisted me generally in various ways. 
I personally kept an eye on all points, and gave the bell-signals by 
which the observations were taken." 

" Each exhibitor was allowed free access and liberty of observa- 
tions during the tests of his own wheel ; and, whatever may be the 
accuracy of the net results obtained, the comparative ones may be 
depended on, as the tests were all made under similar circumstances, 
and the different points watched and the notes taken throughout by 
the same observers, none of them having any interest whatever in the 
result, or any opportunity at the time of knowing what the observa- 
tions were at other stations than their own." 

" It is worthy of notice that the best results have been attained by 
wheels taken just as they came from the shop, without any especial 



104 



finish or preparation, and the thoroughly exhaustive test of the Tait 
wheel is worth studying, as showing the accurate working of the 
apparatus." 

" The Geyelin wheel, entered by R. D. Wood & Co., was so tightly 
fitted in the shop that I do not think we got a fair record of its power ; 
and the Cope wheel used so much water that we could not carry the 
test out in full, but the percentage was gaining regularly up to the 
last trial, when we exhausted the supply of water, having reached 
over 1,860 cubic feet, or 14,000 gallons per minute. 

" The Hunt wheel also taxed the supply of water to the utmost, 
and the third wheel from the York Company was only tested to prove 
or disprove what was believed to be an unsound principle, viz., that 
of shallow buckets and central discharge ; and the result is confirmed 
by those obtained from some of the other wheels. 

" The leakage of the flume was large during the first six trials, but 
by calking and tamping with lead was very much reduced at the test 
of the Tyler wheel, after which test th« allowance was uniform of 
14.352 cubic feet per minute waste to each wheel. In the first six 
tests it was taken as noted in the tables, and the amount is in all cases 
deducted from the water consumed per minute." 

The temperature of the water until November 1 was 75° Fahr., 
giving a weight of 62.234 pounds per cubic foot. After that date it 
was taken at 70°, or 62.3 pounds per cubic foot. 



TESTS OF WATER-WHEELS— INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

September 18. Barker & Harris^ Turbine. 20 Inches Diameter. 



1 

o 




t 

o 


■a 
3 

2 


solutions 
jrMin. 


ead on 
heels. 


a 
° .h 


bic Feet 
charged 
r Min. 


u 

li 


U 

II 


0) 

n 


o . 


Kemabeb. 


6 

^2; 




a 


^ 


^^ 


Wis: 


w 


65^ 


S^ 




|o 


^ 






P.M. 


P.M. 


Lbs. 
















1 


5.05 


5.07 


23 


354 


31.25 


.62 


812.43 


32.57 


47.88 


.6802 


.096 


Full Gate. 


2 


5.08 


5.10 


26 


34S.5 


31.22 


.623 


818.66 


36.244 


48.2 


.7519 


.096 


(( 


3 


5.13 


5.15 


27 


341.5 


31.18 


.63 


833.28 


36.882 


49 


.7527 


.096 


i( 


4 


5.18 


.5.19 


28 


330.5 


31.18 


.626 


824.88 


37.02 


48.5 


.7631 


.096 


" 


5 


5.21 


5.23 


22 


380.5 


31.27 


.6 


771.22 


33.484 


45.48 


.7362 


.096 


1 Gate. 


6 


5.27 


5.29 


22 


287.5 


81.4 


.514 


601.72 


25.3 


35.63 


.71 


.096 


f " 


7 


5.30 


5.32 


20 


299 


31.45 


.495 


566 


23.92 


33.57 


.7125 


.096 


f " 


8 


5.40 


5.42 


16 


271.5 


31.62 


.405 


405.97 


17.376 


24.21 


.7177 


.096 


i " 


9 


5.47 


5.49 


13 


327.5 


31.66 


.405 


405.97 


17.03 


24.24 


.7026 


.096 


i " 



Waste, .096 = 53.34 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from cu. ft. per minute gross, to 
give amount in table. 



105 



September 21. Risdon Wheel. 30 Inches Diameter. 



o 


O J 
P.M. 


p. 
o 

•s 

a 

P.M. 


1 
s 


.2 o 

Si 


"3 ^ 


a 

1^ 


Ifi 


h 
1° 






a 
° u 


Eemabes. 




Lbs. 




1 














1 


1.07 


1.09 


78 


266 


30.36 


.973 


1,653.85 


82.99 


94.69 


.8768 


.072 


Full Gate. 


2- 


1.10 


1.12 


80 


258.5 


30.36 


.9795 


1,669.31 


82.73 


95.57 


.8Q55 


.072 


" 


3 


1.13 


1.15 


82 


252.5 


30.37 


.9804 


1,671.27 


82.82 


95.72 


.8652 


.072 


a 


4 


1.18 


1.20 


68 


257 


30.59 


.8738 


1,403.67 


69.9 


80.96 


.8622 


.072 


i Gate. 


5 


1.21 


1.23 


70 


247 


30.59 


.876 


1,410.94 


69.16 


81.36 


.85 


.07 a 


i " 


6 


1.26 


1.28 


60 


238 


30.83 


.795 


1,210.38 


57.12 


70.41 


.8112 


.072 


1 " 


7 


1.31 


1.33 


58 


248 


30.84 


.7876 


1,198.92 


57.53 


69.81 


.8241 


.072 


f " 


8 


1.38 


1.40 


38 


269 


31.05 


.677 


951.81 


40.88 


55.74 


.7316 


.072 


i " 


9 


1.41 


1.43 


40 


263.5 


31.04 1.68 


958.44 


42.16 


56.11 


.7513 


.072 


i " 


10 


1.44 


1.46 


41 


258 


31 .681 


960.54 


42.31 


56.15 


.7535 


.072 


^ " 



Waste on weir, .072 
give amount in table. 



34.66 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from gross amount, to 



September 23. Knowlton & Dolan. 24 Inches Diameter. 



P.M. 

12.28 
12.31 
12.40 
12.43 
12.46 
12.50 
12.54 
12.57 
1 

1.07 
1.10 
1.13 
1.16 



^ 



Lbs. 
50 
52 
54 
56 
58 
60 
48 
50 
52 
38 
36 
34 
32 



2 a 

p u 

« a. 



333.5 

324 

311 

302 

293.5 

282.5 

299.5 

292.5 

283.5 

233 

243.5 

256.5 

270.5 



a . 

O m 


a 


30.82 


.908 


30.79 


.9195 


30.75 


.923 


30.76 


.924 


30.74 


.928 


30.73 


.931 


30.85 


.853 


30.86 


.856 


30.88 


.859 


31.18 


.684 


31.18 


.684 


31.19 


.683 


31.21 


.678 



'^ S d 

rj O i< 



1,482.3 

1,510.89 

1,519.7 

1,523.2 

1,532.2 

1,533.9 

1,347.9 

1,354.86 

1,362.12 

959.6 

959.6 

. 957.42 

946.58 





Oh a 

1 = 


^& 

« o 


.082 


66.7 


86.13 


.7743 


67.39 


87.73 


.7681 


.082 


67.17 


88.13 


.7622 


.082 


67.64 


88.3 


.7661 


.082 


68.09 


88.75 


.7672 


.082 


67.8 


88.88 


.7628 


.082 


57.5 


78.4 


.7334 


.082 


58.5 


79.02 


.723 


.082 


58.97 


79.5 


.7243 


.082 


35.42 


35.41 


.6273 


.082 


35.06 


35.06 


.6213 


.082 


34.88 


34.88 


.6194 


.082 


34.62 


34.62 


.6214 


.082 



EEMA.KK8. 



Full Gate. 



52 I Gate. 



I to f Gate. 

itof " 

|tof " 
it to 4 " 



Waste on weii 
result in table. 



.082 = 42.15 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from gross amount, to give 



106 



September 25. A. iV. Wofjf. 24 Inches Dia)Aefer. 



o 
d 


ll 


t 

O 
i 


1 

Lbs. 


■si 


1^ 


a 
fcq 


Cubic Feet 

Discharged 

per Min. 


W 




be*; 


a 
o 


Eemakks. 




P.M. 


P.M. 


















1 


12.21 


12.23 


64 


266 


30.58 


.977 


1,664,15 


68.1 


95.97 


.7096 


.072 


Full Gate. 


2 


12.24 


12.26 


60 


274 


30.59 


.975 


1,659.03 


67.95 


95.73 


.7097 


.072 


" , 


3 


12.27 


12.29 


60 


287.5 


30.58 


.9715 


1,650.07 


69 


95.16 


.7251 


.072 


u 


4 


12.30 


12.32 


58 


297 


30.6 


.968 


1,641.06 


68.9 


94.79 


.7269 


.072 


(1 


5 


12.33 


12.35 


56 


305 


30.6 


.96 


1,620.65 


68.32 


93.53 


.7305 


.072 


«' 


6 


12.42 


12.44 


55 


303.5 


30.58 


.963 


1,628.3 


66.77 


93.9 


.7085 


.072 


(( 


1 


12.45 


12.47 


57 


297.5 


30.56 


.961 


1,623.2 


67.83 


93.63 


.7244 


.072 


(( 


8 


12.49 


12.51 


50 


276.5 


30.79 


.842 


1,328.65 


55.3 


76.97 


.7184 


.072 


f Gate. 


9 


12.52 


12.54 


44 


297.5 


30.83 


.83 


1,300 


52.36 


75.58 


.6927 


.072 


f " 


10 


1 


1.02 


30 


287.5 


31.08 


.66 


915.37 


34.5 


53.65 


.643 


.072 


■k " 


11 


1.09 


1.11 


24 


272.5 


31.4 


.572 


733.72 


26,16 


43.45 


.6026 


.072 


i " 


12 


1.19 


1.21 


22 


282.5 


31.45 


.56 


709.53 


24.86 


42.08 


.5907 


.072 


i " 



Waste on weir, .072 = 34.66 cu. ft. per minute, deducted in column of discharge. 



October 15. 



Second Test. 



o 
6 


O . 

9-2 




"6 

1 
1 


1^ 


II 




a a ■ 
o Sag 

as* 


L 


S 

» c 

it 


(2° 


"55 "^ 
1^ 


Bemarks. 




P.M. 


P.M. 


LbB. 


















1 


4.34 


4.36 


64 


300 


30.18 


.913 


1,522.52 


64.8 


86.05 


.7478 


.04 


Full Gate. 


2 


4.37 


4.39 


56 


291.5 


30.16 


.918 1,535 


65.29 


87.31 


.7469 


.04 


" 


3 


4.41 


4.43 


58 


275 


30.12 


.923,1,547.5 


63.8 


87.9 


.7258 


.(14 


" 


4 


4.44 


4.46 


60 


267.5 


30.12 


.926 


1,555 


64.2 


88.33 


.7268 


.04 


(( 


5 


4.48 


4.50 


52 


312 


30.17 


.91 


1,515 


64.9 


86.2 


.7429 


.04 


u 


6 


4.55 


4.56 


50 


320 


30.16 


.905 


1,502.5 


64 


85.66 


.7489 


.04 


(1 


V 


4.57 


4.59 


52 


307.5 


30.14 


.909 


1,512.5 


63.96 


85.97 


.744 


.04 


li 


8 


5.04 


5.06 


40 


300 


30.58 


.762 


1,161.5 


48 


66.83 


.7183 


.04 


f Gate. 


9 


5.07 


5.08 


42 


298 


30.56 


.766 


1,170 


50 


67.43 


.7415 


.04 


f " 


10 


5.10 


5.11 


30 


284 


30.83 


.644 


901.69 34.08 


52.43 


.6501 


.04 


i " 


11 


5.17 


5.18 


24 


290 


30.89 


.582 


773.71 27.84 


4.5.18 


.6177 


.04 


i " 


12 


5.19 


5.20 


26 


271 


30.9 ' 

■ t 


.588 


785.81 28.18 


45.9 


.6164 


.04 


i " 



Waste on weir, .040, deducted from discharge. 



107 



September 26, John T. JSfoye & Sons, Buffalo, JV. Y. 26 Inches Diameter. 



6 


as 


1 

IX! 

O 
01 


i 


1.9 

O t, 

1- 






m 






II 

(2® 


a 
o . 


Eemaeks, 




P.M. 


P.M. 


Lbs. 




















1 


3.28 


3.30 


32 


285 


31.11 


,697 


995.52 


36.48 


58,41 


,6246 


.072 


Full Gate, 


2 


3.32 


3.34 


34 


269 


31.1 


.698 


997.71 


36.38 


58.52 


.6234 


.072 


<( 


3 


3.35 


3.37 


30 


294 


31.1 


.691 


982.39 


35.28 


57.62 


.6123 


.072 


(( 


4 


3.38 


3.40 


28 


302.5 


31.11 


.686 


971.44 


33.88 


56.99 


.5944 


.072 


" 


5 


3.41 


3.43 


26 


317 


31.16 


.63 


851.96 


32.97 


50.07 


.6585 


.072 


1 Gate, 


6 


3.45 


3.47 


26 


289 


31.24 


.62 


831,12 


30.06 


48.97 


.6139 


.072 


f " 


1 


3.48 


3.50 


24 


300 


31.21 


,615 


820.76 


28.8 


48.31 


,5961 


.072 


f " 


8 


3.52 


3.53 


22 


314 


31.17 


.608 


806.33 


27.63 


47.39 


,583 


.072 


f " 


9 


3.55 


3.57 


22 


293 


31.29 


.542 


674.23 


25.78 


39.79 


,648 


,072 


f " 


10 


4.02 


4.04 


20 


256.5 


31.28 


.536 


660.59 


20.52 


38.97 


,5266 


,072 


i " 


11 


4.05 


4.07 


18 


272.5 


31.28 


.528 


647.16 


19.62 


38.18 


.5139 


.072 


i " 


12 


4.08 


4.10 


16 


289.5 


31,28 


.52 


631.84 


18.52 


37,27 


.4969 


.072 


i " 



Continued September 27, 



13 


12.24 


12.26 


30 


302 


31 


,684 


967,12 


36.24 


56.54 


.641 


.072 


Full Gate, 


14 


12.27 


12.29 


28 


317 


30.95 


,665 


926.09 


35.3 


54,05 


.653 


.072 


u 


15 


12.30 


12.32 


26 


325 


30.8 


,664 


923.95 


33.8 


53.67 


.6298 


.072 


(( 


18 


12.33 


12.35 


27 


320 


30.64 


,668 


932.53 


34.56 


53.88 


,6414 


.072 


li 



Leakage = 34.66 cu, ft, per minute, deducted from discharge. 



October 2. Ooldie <& McCullough, Gall, Province Ontario. 27 Inches Diameter. 



1 


o . 

BS 


t 

O 


-d 

1 
Lbs. 


13 . 

2 =" 


a M 


a 
■o'S 

1* 


as"- 


U 

1^ 


ll 






EEMARK8, 




P.M. 


P.M. 
















1 


12.18 


12.20 


52 


320 


30.25 


.945 


1,582.55 


66.56 


90.28 


.7373 


.072 


Full Gate, 


2 


12.21 


12.23 


54 


316 


30.27 


.95 


1,595.22 


68.25 


91.06 


.7495 


.072 


(1 


3 


12.27 


12.29 


58 


303.5 


30.27 


.963 


1,628.29 


70.41 


92.95 


.7575 


.072 


'« 


4 


12.30 


12.32 


60 


301 


30.24 


.968 


1,641.09 


72.24 


93.59 


.7719 


.072 


(( 


5 


12.33 


12.35 


62 


299 


30.2 


.972 


1,651.34 


74.15 


94.05 


.7884 


,072 


u 


6 


12.36 


12.38 


64 


296,5 


30.2 


.974 


1,656.4 


75.9 


94.34 


.8045 


.072 


<( 


7 


12.39 


12.41 


66 


291 


30.18 


.982 


1,677.03 


76.82 


95.45 


.8048 


.072 


(1 


8 


12.42 


12.44 


68 


286.5 


30.12 


.984 


1,682.17 


77,92 


95.55 


.8155 


.072 


(( 


9 


12.45 


12.47 


70 


281.5 


30.05 


.988 


1,692.47 


78.82 


95.91 


.8218 


.072 


" 


10 


12.49 


12.51 


50 


280 


30.14 


.858 


1,367.22 


56 


77.71 


.7206 


.072 


f Gate. 


11 


12.52 


12.54 


48 


285 


30.15 


.861 


1,374.47 


54.72 


78.15 


.7012 


.072 


f " 


12 


12.57 


12.59 


26 


352 


30.63 


.848 


1,343.1 


36.61 


77.58 


.4719 


.072 


f " 


13 


1.02 


1,04 


30 


350 


30.55 


.85 


1,347.91 


42 


77.66 


.5408 


.072 


i " 


14 


1.07 


1.09 


30 


325 


30.65 


.782 


1,187.25 


39 


68.62 


.5683 


.072 


i " 


15 


1.10 


1.12 


34 


312 


30,65 


.792 


1,210.46 


42.43 


69.97 


,6064 


.072 


i " 



Leakage = 34.66 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from discharge. 



108 



October 4. John Tyler, Clarcmont, N. H. 30 Inches Diameter. 



I 

o 




t 

o 
1 


3 
Lbs. 


> o 

<B p, 


Head on 
Wheels. 


d 


Cubic Feet 

Discharged 

per Min. 


%- 


U 

1° 


ft 


§ . 


Eemakks. 




P.M. 


P.M. 




















1 


12.21 


12.23 


74 


251 


30 


.972 


1,671.63 


74.29 


94.57 


.7855 


.04 


Full Gate. 


2 


12.28 


12.30 


72 


257 


30.05 


.96 


1,640.96 


74.02 


92.82 


.7974 


.04 


(t 


3 


12.31 


12.33 


64 


278 


30.05 


.955 


1,628.21 


71.17 


92.27 


.7713 


.04 


(1 


4 


12.34 


12.36 


62 


285.5 


30.06 


.948 


1,610.46 


70.8 


91.3 


.7755 


.04 


u 


5 


12.37 


12.39 


60 


288.5 


30.1 


.945 


1,602.87 


69.24 


90.99 


.761 


.04 


(1 


6 


12.40 


12.41 


58 


294 


30.08 


.944 


1,600.34 


68.21 


90.78 


.7513 


.04 


(( 


7 


12.46 


12.48 


64 


282.5 


30.05 


.958 


1,635.87 


72.32 


92.7 


.7801 


.04 


(( 


8 


12.51 


12.52 


66 


277 


30.02 


.959 


1,638.41 


73.13 


92.76 


.7884 


.04 


" 


9 


12.54 


12.56 


58 


266.5 


30.1 


.88 


1,441.06 


66.47 


81.83 


.8123 


.04 


1 Gate, 


10 


12.58 


12.59 


56 


261 


30.25 


.814 


1,282.38 


58.46 


73.16 


.7991 


.04 


f " 


11 


1 


1.02 


52 


246 


30.47 


.807 


1,265.88 


51.17 


72.74 


.7034 


.04 


f " 


12 


1.03 


1.05 


48 


256.5 


30.52 


.788 


1,221.45 


49.25 


70.3 


.7005 


.04 


i " 


13 


1.07 


1.09 


44 


247 


30.6 


.745 


1,122.81 


43.47 


64.79 


.6709 


.04 


^ " 


14 


1.10 


1.12 


40 


260 


30.65 


.73 


1,089 


41.6 


62.95 


.6609 


.04 


+ " 


15 


1.14 


1.15 


36 


240 


30.8 


.622 


855.57 


34.56 


49.7 


.6955 


.04 


i " 



Waste = 14.352 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from discharge. Friction pulley too 
high above upper bearing. 



October 6. Wm. F. Mosser, Allentown, Pa. 24 Inches Diameter. 



1 

o 
d 




1 
en 

o 

<u 

Q 


•d 
1 


id 


a ■ 
OS 


1^ 


■So . 

lis 




it 

^ o 


1 = 


o . 


Kemabks. 




p.m. 


p.m. 


Lbs. 


















1 


12.26 


12.28 


42 


300 


30.56 


.763 


1,163.8 


50.4 


67.07 


'.7514 


.04 


Full Gate. 


2 


12.29 


12.31 


44 


289.5 


30.58 


.772 


1,184.46 


50.95 


68.31 


.7459 


.04 


" 


3 


12.32 


12.34 


46 


276 


30.58 


.778 


1,198.29 


50.78 


69.15 


.7343 


.04 


(1 


4 


12.35 


12.37 


40 


312.5 


30.6 


.77 


1,179.86 


50 


68.09 


.7344 


.04 


a 


5 


12.38 


12.40 


38 


326.5 


30.6 


.758 


1,151.36 


49.63 


66.44 


.747 


.04 


ti 


6 


12.41 


12.43 


36 


342 


30.62 


.752 


1,138.69 


49.25 


66.82 


.737 


.04 


" 


7 


12.44 


12.46 


34 


356.5 


30.65 


.744 


1,120.55 


48.48 


64.77 


.7485 


.04 


u 


8 


12.47 


12.49 


32 


365 


30.67 


.74 


1,111.41 


46.72 


64.28 


.7268 


.04 


a 


9 


12.59 


1.01 


32 


310.5 


30.9 


.666 


948.53 


39.74 


55.27 


.719 


.04 


i Gate, 


10 


1.02 


1.04 


30 


323 


30.95 


.657 


929.27 


38.76 


54.24 


.7146 


.04 


it " 


11 


1.05 


1.07 


28 


335 


31 


.648 


910.14 


37.52 


53.21 


.7052 


.04 


f " 


12 


1.08 


1.10 


26 


347 


31.02 


.644 


901.67 


36.09 


52.75 


.6842 


.04 


f " 


13 


1.11 


1.13 


24 


345 


31.03 


.636 


884.82 


34.08 


51.78 


.6582 


.04 


1 " 


14 


1.18 


1.20 


24 


312 


31.1 


.595 


800.04 


29.95 


46.92 


.6383 


.04 


i " 


15 


1.21 


1.23 


22 


343 


31 


.586 


781.79 


30.18 


45.79 


.6585 


.04 


i " 



Waste = 14,352 cu, ft, per minute, deducted from discharge. 



109 



October 10. York Manufacturing Co.^ York, Pa., Bollinger Wheel. 26^ Inches Diam. 



JO 

o 
o 




i 

o 

1 


■6 

1 


■2 .a 


11 






ll 




II 


if 


Bemabes. 




P.M. 


P.M. 


Lbs. 
















1 


12.40 


12.42 


44 


310 


30.47 


.855 


1,380.27 


54.56 


79.31 


.6879 


.04 


Full Gajte. 


2 


12.43 


12.45 


48 


292.5 


30.44 


.858 


1,367.5 


56.16 


79.65 


.7051 


.04 


<i 


3 


12.46 


12.48 


46 


300 


30.3 


.855 


1,380 


55.2 


78.86 


.7 


.04 


(( 


4 


12.50 


12.52 


44 


300 


30 


.852 


1,373 


52.8 


77.68 


.6797 


.04 


u 


5 


12.55 


12.57 


44 


290 


30.46 


.818 


1,291.8 


51.04 


74.2 


.6878 


.04 


1 Gate. 


6 


12.58 


1 


42 


300 


30.46 


.816 


1,287 


50.4 


73.93 


.6817 


.04 


i " 


1 


l.OV 


1.09 


36 


290 


30.62 


.738 


1,107 


41.76 


63.92 j.6533 


.04 


f " 


8 


1.10 


1.12 


34 


300 


30.61 


.737 


1,104.74 


40.8 


63.77 


.6398 


.04 


i " 


9 


I.IS 


1.14 


82 


306 


30.62 


.735 


1,100.24 


39.27 


63.53 


.6181 


.04 


4 " 


10 


1.21 


1.23 


30 


274.5 


30.8 


.663 


942 


32.94 


54.72 


.602 


.04 


i " 


11 


1.24 


1.26 


28 


290 


30.81 


.66 


935.68 


32.48 


54.37 


.5974 


.04 


i " 


12 


1.34 


1.36 


24 


263 


31 


.584 


777.81 


25.25 


45.47 


.6553 


.04 


f " 


13 


1.37 


1.39 


20 


291 


31.1 


.58 


769.51 


23.28 


45.13 


.5158 


.04 


a. <«. 



Waste = 14.352 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from discharge. 



October 12. Second Bollinger Wheel, York Manufacturing Co. 27 Inches Diam. 



1 

o 

1 


=3 . 


B 
m 

<o 

a 


•6 
1 
1 

A. 

Lbs. 


II 




a 
o ^ 


SI? 




^ t.1 


IS 


° C 


Kemarks. 




P.M. 


P.M. 
















1 


12.35 


12.37 


34 


312 


30.59 


.759 


1,154.6 


43.43 


66.61 


.637 


.04 


Full Gate. 


2 


12.38 


12.40 


36 


306 


30.55 


.763 


1,163.8 


44.06 


66.74 


.6576 


.04 


" 


3 


12.41 


12.43 


38 


296 


30.53 


.766 


1,170.1 


44.99 


67.06 


.6678 


.04 




4 


12.44 


12.46 


40 


287 


30.54 


.772 


1,184.46 


46.92 


68.22 


.6731 


.04 




5 


12.47 


12.49 


42 


282.5 


30.55 


.778 


1,198.29 


47.46 


69.08 


.687 


.04 




6 


12.50 


12.51 


44 


275 


30.63 


.782 


1,207.54 


48.4 


69.51 


.6963 


.04 


" 


7 


12.52 


12.53 


46 


273 


30.5 


.79 


1,226.1 


50.23 


70.52 


.7122 


.04 




8 


12.54 


12.56 


48 


270 


30.5 


.794 


1,235.43 


51.84 


71.05 


.7296 


.04 


" 


9 


12.57 


12.58 


50 


260 


30.48 


.798 


1,244.76 


52 


71.56 


.7268 


.04 




10 


1.01 


1.03 


52 


252.5 


30.44 


.803 


1,256.5 


52.52 


72.13 


.7281 


.04 




11 


1.04 


1.06 


54 


246.5 


30.42 


.804 


1,258.84 


53.24 


72.22 


.7372 


.04 




12 


1.08 


1.09 


56 


232 


30.42 


.805 


1,261.2 


51.97 


72.35 


.7183 


.04 




13 


1.12 


1.14 


32 


318 


30.6 


.735 


1,100.22 


40.7 


63.49 


.641 


.04 


IGate. 


14 


1.15 


1.17 


36 


300 


30.6 


.742 


1,116 


43.2 


64.4 


.6708 


.04 


1 " 


15 


1.19 


1.21 


36 


280 


30.7 


.703 


1,029 


40.32 


69.7 


.6768 


.04 


i " 


16 


1.23 


1.24 


34 


290 


30.72 


.7 


1,022.3 


39.44 


59.23 


.6659 


.04 


i " 


17 


1.27 


1.29 


34 


268 


30.85 


.656 


927.14 


36.46 


53.94 


.6758 


.04 


i " 


18 


1.30 


1.32 


32 


277 


30.85 


.654 


922.87 


35.46 


53.69 


.6602 


.04 


i " 


19 


1.40 


1.41 


24 


300 


31.03 


.6 


810.23 


28.8 


47.41 


.6074 


.04 


1 " 


20 


1.42 


1.44 


26 


285 


31 


.603 


816.36 


29.64 


47.73 


.621 


.04 


1 " 



Waste deducted from discharge as before. 



110 



October 13. York Mfg. Co., Center Vent Wheel. 27 Inches Diam. {Experimental.) 



o 
o" 


o . 

o u 


P.M. 


Lbs. 


id 
■3 fc. 






Cubic Feet 

Discharged 

per Min. 


Horse-Power 
of Wheel. 


U 

Is 







Remarks. 




P.M. 




















1 


12.32 


12.34 


36 


265.5 


30 


.83 


1,320.3 


38.23 


74.7 


.5118 


.04 


Full Gate. 


?, 


12.44 


12.46 


38 


264.5 


30.1 


.832 


1,325.2 


40.2 


75 


.536 


.04 


(1 


8 


12.47 


12.49 


40 


260.5 


30.05 


.839 


1,341.8 


41.68 


76.04 


.5481 


.04 


(t 


4 


12.50 


12.52 


44 


255 


30.02 


.845 


1,356.2 


44.88 


76.79 


.5845 


.04 


(( 


5 


12.53 


12.55 


46 


249 


30 


.85 


1,368 


45.81 


77.4 


.5919 


.04 


«( 


6 


12.56 


12.58 


48 


244 


29.95 


.853 


1,375.4 


46.84 


77.61 


.6035 


.04 


K 


7 


12.59 


1 


52 


240 


29.92 


.851 


1,370.6 


49.92 


77.19 


.6467 


.04 


(( 


8 


1.01 


1.02 


56 


225 


29.86 


.86 


1,392.87 


50.4 


78.41 


.6428 


.04 


(( 


9 


1.03 


1.05 


60 


212 


29.85 


.863 


1,399.64 


50.88 


78.79 


.6458 


.04 


" 


10 


1.09 


1.11 


32 


264 


30.25 


.765 


1,168.11 


33.79 


66.64 


.5071 


.04 


1 Gate. 


11 


1.15 


1.16 


30 


251 


30.48 


.667 


950.65 


30.12 


54.61 


.5515 


.04 


f " 


12 


1.19 


1.21 


34 


242 


30.49 


.67 


957.11 


32.91 


55.03 


.5982 


.04 


f " 


13 


1.22 


1.23 


36 


233 


30.46 


.672 


961.43 


33.55 


55.23 


.6075 


.04 


f " 



Waste = 14.352 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from discharge. 



October 18. National Wheel, Bristol, Conn. 25 Inches Diameter. 





d 
'A 


°*5 

II 


t 



H 


•6 

% 

■a 

Lbs. 


1^ 


O.S 

•§1 




Hi 


1^ 


t-t 

II 


P 


§ . 

■a «i 


Remarks. 




P.M. 


P.M. 


















I 


3.28 


3.30 


40 


330.5 


30.3 


.787 


1,219.15 


52.88 


69.66 


.759 


.04 


Full Gate. 


2 


3.31 


3.33 


46 


312 


30.25 


.804 


1,258.84 


57.41 


72.05 


.7968 


.04 




3 


3.34 


3.36 


50 


299 


30.24 


.814 


1,282.38 


59.8 


73.13 


.8177 


.04 




4 


3.37 


3.39 


52 


290 


30.22 


.818 


1,291.8 


60.32 


73.62 


.8191 


.04 




5 


3.40 


3.42 


54 


287.5 


30.2 


.825 


1,308.4 


62.1 


74.52 


.8334 


.04 




6 


3.43 


3.45 


56 


279 


30.17 


.826 


1,310.81 


62.49 


74.58 


.8379 


.04 




7 


3.46 


3.48 


58 


265 


30.14 


.832 


1,325.1 


61.48 


75.32 


.8163 


.04 




8 


3.49 


3.51 


60 


257.5 


30.13 


.837 


1,337 


61.8 


75.97 


.8135 


.04 




9 


3.52 


3.54 


62 


249 


30.12 


.84 


1,344.2 


61.75 


76.34 


.8089 


.04 




10 


3.56 


3.58 


64 


241.5 


30.11 


.844 


1,353.77 


61.82 


76.87 


.8042 


.04 




11 


4 


4.02 


66 


226.5 


30.17 


.848 


1,363.2 


59.8 


77.56 


.771 


.04 




12 


4.11 


4.12 


32 


312 


30.67 


.7 


1,022.4 


39.94 


59.13 


.6754 


.04 


t Gate. 


13 


4.13 


4.14 


36 


292 


30.7 


.702 


1,026.8 


42.04 


59.45 


.7072 


.04 


f " 



Waste = 14.852 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from discharge. 



Ill 



October 19. E. T. Cope d: Sons, West Chester, Pa. 30 Inches Diameter. 



o 
6 


o ^ 

® '5 

I* 


1 

Xti 

o 

e 

P.M. 


■6 
ii 

.to 


la 
1^ 


§.2 


1* 


Cubic Feet 

Discharged 

per Min. 




S 

1 = 






Eemabeb. 




P.M. 


Lbs. 


















1 


3.59 


4 


64 


22G 


30.5 


.903 


1,497.68 


57.86 


86.14 


.6716 


.04 


Full Gate. 


2 


4 03 


4.04 


60 


240 


30.55 


.894 


1,475.44 


57.6 


84.9 


.6784 


.04 




3 


4.05 


4.06 


60 


245 


30.54 


.91 


1,515.1 


58.8 


87.15 


.6747 


.04 




4 


4.08 


4.09 


56 


272 


30.3 


.942 


1,595.26 


60.93 


91.91 


.6629 


.04 




5 


4.10 


4.11 


58 


266 


30.26 


.943 


1,597.8 


61.71 


92.02 


.6706 


.04 




6 


4.12 


4.13 


60 


255 


30.2 


.945 


1,602.88 


61.2 


91.59 


.6682 


.04 




7 


4.14 


4.15 


63 


254 


30 


.964 


1,625.69 


64.01 


91.98 


.6959 


.04 




8 


4.16 


4.17 


67 


240 


29.8 


.958 


1,635.8 


64.32 


91.93 


.6996 


.04 




9 


4.19 


4.20 


70 


223 


28.5 


.954 


1,625.69 


62.44 


87.38 


.7146 


.04 




10* 


4.37 


4.38 


64 


274 


30.15 


1.032 


1,827.6 


70.14103.92 


.675 


.04 




11 


4.41 


4.42 


76 


257 


29.65 


1.035 


1,835.3 


78.13102.62 


.7613 


.04 




12 4.43 


4.44 


78 


251 


29.2 


1.04 


1,848.74 


80.5 101.81 


.7907 


.04 




13 


4.45 


4.46 


80 


241 


28.8 


1.04 


1,848.74 


77.12,100.41 


.768 


.04 





Waste = 14.352, deducted from discharge as before. 



October 23. Thomas Tail, 


Rochester, N. 


Y., " Centennial Wheel.^^ 25 Inches Biam. 


.1 

o 
6 
2i 




1 

a 

P.M. 


•6 

s 

Lbs. 


.2 B 


a ^ 


n 




11 


pHrt 


§0- 




Remabes. 




P.M. 


















1 


12.42 


12.44 


30 


331 


31.12 


.651 


916.5 


39.72 


53.79 


.7384 


.04 


Full Gate. 


2 


12.37 


12.39 


32 


321.5 


31.06 


.655 


925.01 


41.15 


54.18 


.7595 


.04 






3 


12.40 


12.41 


34 


315 


31.05 


.661 


937.82 


42.84 


54.91 


.7801 


.04 






4 


12.34 


12.36 


36 


300 


31.03 


.664 


944.24 


43.2 


55.25 


.7818 


.04 






5 


12.46 


12.48 


38 


295 


31.06 


.668 


952.84 


44.84 


55.81 


.8033 


.04 






6 


12.31 


12.33 


40 


288.5 


31 


.672 


961.43 


46.16 


56.21 


.8212 


.04 






7 


12.49 


12.51 


42 


274 


31.02 


.677 


972.24 


46.03 


56.87 


.8093 


.04 






8 12.53 


12.54 


44 


265 


31.01 .68 


978.75 


46.64 


57.24 


.8148 


.04 






9 ,12.55 


12.56 


46 


254 


31.01 


.683 


985.25 


46.74 


57.62 


.8112 


.04 






10 


12.57 


12.58 


48 


243 


31.02 


.685 


989.59 


46.66 


57.89 1.806 


.04 


■• 




11 


1.08 


1.10 


22 


322.5 


31.32 


.539 


688.7 


28.38 


40.68 '.6977 


.04 


f Gate. 


12 


1.04 


1.06 


24 


302.5 


31.32 


.544 


698.42 


29.04 


41.25 .7039 


.04 


f 




13 


1.12 


1.13 


26 


292 


31.32 


.548 


706.25 


30.37 


41.71 1.7282 


.04 


f 


u 


14 


1.18 


1.20 


20 


277.5 


31.45 


.478 


573.6 


22.2 


34.02 .6525 


.04 


i 




15 


1.21 


1.22 


21 


265 


31.44 


.479 


575.43 


22.26 


34.12 .6524 


.04 


i 




16 


1.24 


1.25 


22 


258 


31.44 


.48 


577.27 


22.7 


34.23 .6632 


.04 


+ 




17 


1.32 


1.34 


11 


268.5 


31.57 


.37 


387.03 


11.81 


23.04 .5126 


.04 


i 




18 


1.30 


1.31 


12 


265 


31.47 


.373 


391.89 


12.72 


23.26 .5469 


.04 


i 




19 


1.35 


1.36 


13 


245 


31.57 


.377 


398.41 


12.74 


23.72 .5571 


.04 


i 




20 


1.43 


1.44 


7 


255 


31.6 


.305 


286.49 


7.14 


17.07 .4182 


.04 


fi 




21 


1.39 


1.41 


8 


235 


31.59 


.309 


292.4 


7.52 


17.42 .4317 


.04 


6 




22 


1.47 


1.48 


5 


277 


31.61 


.301 


280.62 


5.54 


16.73 .3312 


.04 


i 




23 


1.45 


1.46 


6 


266 


31.61 


.303 


283.58 


6.38 


16.9 .3767 


.04 


i 





Waste of 14.352 cu. ft. deducted from discharge as before. The times of making 
the tests of this wheel are transposed in order to show the increase of weight in regular 
succession, with the corresponding increase in discharge. 

* Stopped for want of steam. These tests were not completed, the steam pumps being unable to sup- 
ply the necessary water, and the wheel consequently ran very unevenly. 



112 



October 31. Geyelin'a Duplex Jonval Turbine. 36 Indies Diameter. E. D. Wood & 
Co., Philadelphia. Outer Row of Buckets only tested. 



I 

d 




t 
■3 

a 




o u 

0) P< 

M 


If 




Cubic Feet 
Discharged 
per Min. 


h 

1? 


U 

II 


a) 
bOw' 


a 


Eemaees. 




A.M. 


A.M. 


Lbs. 




















1 


9.1Y 


9.18 


34 


260. 


30.1 


.7 


1,022.38 


35.36 


58.1 


.6086 


.04 


Full Gate. 


?, 


9.19 


9.20 


36 


255 


30.1 


.7 


1,022.38 


36.72 


58.1 


.632 


.04 




3 


9.06 


9.08 


38 


250 


30.12 


.702 


1,026.8 


38 


58.39 


.6508 


.04 




4 


9.04 


9.05 


40 


240 


30.1 


.7 


1,022.38 


38.4 


58.1 


.661 


.04 




5 


9.23 


9.24 


42 


235 


30.8 


.703 


1,029 


39.48 


58.86 


.6707 


.04 




fi 


9.25 


9.26 


44 


227 


30.3 


.703 


1,029 


39.95 


58.86 


.6787 


.04 




n 


9.27 


9.28 


46 


220 


30.3 


.703 


1,029 


40.48 


58.86 


.6877 


.04 




s 


9.29 


9.30 


48 


215 


30.3 


.705 


1,033.4 


41.28 


59.11 


.6983 


.04 




9 


9.31 


9.32 


50 


208 


30.3 


.705 


1,033.4 


41.6 


59.11 


.7038 


.04 




10 


9.34 


9.35 


52 


200 


30.3 


.708 


1,040.04 


41.6 


69.49 


.6992 


.04 




11 


9.3V 


9.38 


54 


196 


30.28 


.708 


1,040.04 


42.33 


59.45 


.712 


.04 




19, 


9.39 


9.40 


56 


190 


30.28 


.708 


1,040.04 


42.56 


59.45 


.716 


.04 




13 


9.41 


9.42 


58 


181 


30.28 


.708 


1,040.04 


41.99 


59.45 


.7063 


.04 




14 


9.44 


9.45 


60 


170 


30.28 


.708 


1,040.04 


40.8 


59.45 


.6863 


.04 





Wheel bound in case; taken out and eased and repeated trial November 1. Leak- 
&^e deducted as previously. 





P..M. 


P.M. 


Lbs. 




















15 


12.52 


12.54 


54 


205 


29.95 


.716 


1,057.76 


44.28 


59.81 


.7405 


.04 


Full Gate. 


16 


12.55 


12.56 


56 


199 


29.96 


.715 


1,055.56 


44.57 


59.7 


.7465 


.04 


u 


17 


12.57 


12.58 


58 


191 


29.96 


.715 


1,055.56 


44.31 


59.7 


.7422 


.04 


(( 


18 


12,59 


1 


60 


186 


29.95 


.717 


1,059.99 


44.64 


59.98 


.7442 


.04 


l( 



Wheel still too tight ; test stopped. 



November 2. Geyelin Duplex Turbine. Both Rows of Buckets. 







p. 


•6 


M 








2 


b 








1 


A.M. 


B 
o 

s 

A.M. 


% 
% 


□ . 

.2 a 

O t< 


fl 00 


¥ 


"SIS 


1^ 


(21 

It 
w 


(2o 


g . 


Remarks. 




Lbs. 


















1 


9.30 


9.32 


76 


223.5 


29.53 


.942 


1,595.28 


67.94 


88.93 


.7639 


.04 


Full Gate. 


2 


9.36 


9.38 


80 


217.5 


29.55 


.942 


1,595.28 


69.6 


88.99 .7821 


.04 




3 


9.39 


9.41 


84 


204 


29.58 


.942 


1,595.28 


68.54 


89.08 .7694 


.04 




4 


9.42 


9.44 


88 


195.5 


29.58 


.94 


1,590.23 


68.82 


88.8 .775 


.04 




5 


9.45 


9.47 


92 


185.5 


29.52 


.938 


1,585.2 


68.264 


88.33.7711 


.04 




6 


9.48 


9.49 


90 


190 


29.52 


.938 


1,585.2 


68.4 


88.33 .7739 


.04 




7 


9.52 


9.54 


86 


197 


29.52 


.94 


1,590.2 


67.77 


88.62 .7647 


.04 




8 


9.55 


9.56 


82 


206 


29.56 


.943 


1,597.8 


67.57 


89.17.7581 


.04 




9 


10.04 


10.06 


89 


189 


29.56 


.938 


1,585.2 


67.284 


88.46 .7606 

1 


.04 





Waste = 14.352 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from discharge. This wheel was now 
withdrawn, the step having worn down one quarter of an inch for want of lubrication, 
and from the fact that the testing flume was not solid enough to stand the pressure of the 
water without springing so as to cause the wheel, which was very closely fitted, to bind 
and wear in its case. 



113 



November 3, Geyelin Single Jonval Turbine. 36 Inches Diameter. R. D. Wood & Co., 

Philadelphia. 



H 
6 




t 

O 

a 


•6 
1 


S . 

.2 a 


§3- 


13 

1^ 


3.2 D, 


h 
1= 


U 

% u 

(SI 
1° 


a5° 




Remarks. 




A.M. 


A.M. 


Lbs. 




















1 


9.42 


9.44 


80 


213.5 


29.3 


.896 


1,480.4 


68.32 


81.89 


.8343 


.04 


Full Gate. 


2 


9,45 


9.4V 


82 


205 


29.61 


.897 


1,482.88 


67.24 


82.89 


.8112 


.04 




3 


9.48 


9.50 


84 


197 


29.62 


.903 


1,497.68 


66.192 


83.75 


.7902 


.04 




4 


9.51 


9.53 


86 


190.5 


29.65 


.904 


1,500.18 


65.53 


83.97 


.7839 


.04 




5 


9.54 


9.56 


78 


211 


29.64 


.9 


1,490.27 


65.83 


83.39 


.7894 


.04 




6 


9.57 


9.58 


78 


212 


29.62 


.9 


1,490.27 


66.144 


83.33 


.7937 


.04 




7 


9.59 


10.01 


78 


205.5 


29.6 


.9 


1,490.27 


64.116 


83.28 


.7699 


.04 





Waste deducted as previously from discharge, 14.352 cu. ft. This wheel also bound 
in the step, and was withdrawn for future trials, which were prevented by the close of 
the Exhibition before the wheel could be refitted. Further trials of the National, Tyler, 
Cope, and Risdon wheels were also rendered impossible from the same cause. 



November 6. Chase Manufacturing Co., Orange, Mass. 24 Inches Diameter, 



EH 

Cm. 

o 
6 




1 
o 

a 


■6 

'a 

a 
1 


h 

o u 

1- 




a 

1^ 


Cubic Feet 

Discharged 

per Min. 




1 = 


(2» 


a 
o . 


Kkmabks. 




P.M. 


P.M. 


Lbs. 




















1 


3.28 


3.30 


32 


399 


29.3 


.915 


1,527.5 


51.07 


84.69 


.603 


.04 


Full Gate. 


2 


3.31 


3.33 


34 


380 


29.35 


.917 


1,532.5 


51.68 


84.92 


.6086 


.04 




3 


3.34 


3.35 


34 


379 


29.52 


.918 


1,535 


51.54 


85,54 


.6011 


.04 




4 


3.36 


3.38 


36 


366 


29.7 


.921 


1,542.5 


52.7 


86.49 


.6093 


.04 




5 


3.39 


3.41 


38 


358 


29.88 


.924 


1,550 


54.416 


87.43 


.6224 


.04 




6 


3.42 


3.44 


40 


349 


29.98 


,928 


1,560 


55.84 


88.29 


.6324 


.04 




7 


3.45 


3.47 


42 


331 


30 


.927 


1,557.5 


55.61 


88.21 


.6304 


.04 




8 


3.48 


3.49 


44 


304 


29.8 


.927 


1,557.5 


53.5 


87.62 


.6106 


.04 





Wheel taken out and eased in bearings, and repeated November 7. 



9 


3.49 


3.51 


40 


365 


29.85 


10 


3.53 


3.54 


42 


355 


29.8 


11 


3.55 


3.56 


44 


332 


29.8 


12 


3.18 


3.20 


28 


435 


29.25 


13 


3.21 


3.23 


36 


363.5 


29.35 


14 


3.24 


3.26 


38 


346 


29.38 


15 


3.29 


3.31 


40 


325 


29.55 


16 


3.32 


3.34 


37 


360.5 


29.62 


17 


3.37 


3.39 


24 


372.5 


30 


18 


3.41 


3.43 


26 


350 


30.12 


19 


3.44 


3.46 


28 


328 


30,12 



.927 
.925 
.925 
.871 
.866 
.866 
.867 
.867 
.748 
.746 
.746 



1,557.5 
1,552.5 
1,552.5 
1,419.1 
1,406.9 
1,406.9 
1,409.3 
1,409.3 
1,129.6 
1,125.1 
1,125.1 



58.4 


87.77 


.6654 


.04 


59.64 


87.34 


.6828 


.04 


58.43 


87.34 


.669 


.04 


48.72 


78.36 


.6217 


.04 


52.34 


77.88 


.6714 


.04 


52.59 


78.03 


.6739 


.04 


52 


78.62 


.6614 


.04 


53.354 


78.81 


.677 


.04 


35.76 


63.97 


.559 


.04 


36.4 


63.97 


.5676 


.04 


36.74 


63.97 


.5743 


.04 



Full Gate, 



4 Gate. 



Waste deducted as previously = 14.352 cu. ft. per minute. 



114 



November 9. Rodney Hunt, Orange, Mass. 24 Inches Diameter. 



I 

o 
6 


It: 
a-2 

pec 


d. 
2 

o 

1 


•6 

3" 


Id 




a 

T3'S 

1^ 


3.S p, 




h 


ercentage 
of Effect. 

Waste on 
Weir. 


Remakks. 


^ 


• 


^ 


Lbs. 


M 






^fi 


w° 


K 


PM 








A.M. 


A.M. 










, 










1 


9.27 


9.29 


58 


328 


28.96 


1.028 


1,817.08 


76-096 


99.35 


.766 


.04 


Full Gate. 


2 


9.38 

P.M. 


9.39 

P.M. 


60 


317 


29.26 


1.034 


1,832.9 


78.616 


101.25 


.7764 


.04 


(1 


3 


12.21 


12.23 


66 


300 


29 


1.04 


1,848.74 


79.2 


101.21 


•7825 


.04 




4 


12.28 


12.30 


68 


300 


29.47 


1.045 


1,861.98 


81.6 


103.59 


.7877 


.04 


" 


5 


12.33 


12.34 


70 


295 


29.75 


1.047 


1,867.31 


82.6 


104.87 


.7876 


.04 


(( 


6 


12.35 


12.36 


72 


276 


29.25 


1.038 


1,843.45 


79.49 


101.8 


.7809 


.04 


i( 


1 


12.40 


12.42 


40 


312 


30.25 


.809 


1,270.6 


49.92 


72.56 


.688 


.04 


i Gate. 


8 


12.43 


12.45 


42 


300 


30.27 


.816 


1,284.1 


50.4 


73.38 


.6868 


.04 


i " 


9 


12.46 


12.48 


44 


287.5 


30.23 


.82 


1,296.56 


50.6 


73.99 


.6838 


.04 


+ " 


10 


12.50 


12.52 


54 


306 


29.8 


.966 


1,656.2 


66.096 


93.18 


.7094 


.04 


t " 


11 


12.53 


12.55 


56 


298 


29.62 


.973 


1,674.2 


66.75 


93.57 


.7133 


.04 


1 " 


12 112.56 


12.58 


58 


289 


29.6 


.974 


1,676.7 


67.05 


93.7 


.7156 


.04 


f " 


13 12.59 


1 


60 


278 


29.6 


.974 


1,676.7 


66.72 


93.7 


.7121 


.04 


f " 


14 


1.03 


1.05 


36 


223 


30.45 


.748 


1,129.63 


32.11 


64.94 


.4945 


.04 


i " 


15 


1.07 


1.08 


34 


238 


30.44 


.743 


1,118.27 


32.37 


64.2 


.5037 


.04 


i " 


16 


1.09 


1.10 


32 


254 


30.43 


.742 


1,116 


32.51 


64.11 


.5071 


.04 


i " 


17 


1.11 


1.12 


30 


266 


30.5 


.725 


1,077.84 


31.92 


61.98 


.5143 


.04 


i " 



Waste, 14.352 cu. ft. per minute, deducted as before. It was very difficult to supply 
this wheel with water, and several tests were rejected in consequence. But a subsequent 
test of a 54-in. wheel from the same makers, at Passaic, N. J., in January, 1877, gave 
141 H. P., equal to .843 per cent., by the water measurement taken by another engineer. 

November 10. Stout, Mills & Temple, Dayton, Ohio. 30 Inches Diameter. 



6 




t 

O 


'a 


a . 
•2.3 

O k. 

o p, 


a KB 


a 
o ^ 

1^ 




^ 




P.M. 


Lbs. 


« 






OP 




P.M. 










1 


4.42 


4.44 


64 


245.5 


30.05 


.965 


1,653.33 


2 


4.45 


4.47 


66 


236.5 


29.7 


.965 


1,653.33 


3 


5.05 


5.07 


68 


236 


29.7 


.975 


1,679.33 


4 


5.08 


5.10 


70 


231 


29.55 


.98 


1,692.38 


5 


5.12 


5.13 


72 


223 


29.45 


.983 


1,699.88 


6 


5.19 


5.20 


74 


210 


29.05 


.973 


1,674.2 


7 


5.23 


5.24 


76 


201 


28.75 


.978 


1,687 


8 


5.28 


5.29 


46 


259 


29.8 


.84 


1,344.2 


9 


5.41 


5.42 


50 


252 


29.7 


.845 


1,356.2 


10 


5.43 


5.44 


54 


242 


29.48 


.854 


1,377.85 


11 


5.45 


5.46 


58 


230 


29.38 


.859 


1,389.93 


12 


6 


6.01 


34 


180 


30.95 


.548 


706.24 


13 


6.02. 


6.03 


34 


181 


30.95 


.547 


704.28 


14 


6.04 


6.05 


28 


204 


30.95 


.535 


680.96 


15 


6.06 


6.07 


24 


229 


30.97 


.627 


665.55 


16 


6.08 


6.09 


24 


224 


30.98 


.525 


661.69 



g^ 



62.848 

62.436 

64.19 

64.68 

64.224 

62.16 

61.1 

47.656 

50.4 

52.272 

53.36 

24.752 

24.616 

22.848 

21.984 

21.5 






93.79 
92.66 
94.09 
94.42 
94.51 
91.81 
91.56 
75.62 
76.04 
78.47 
77.09 
41.26 
41.15 
39.79 
38.91 
38.7 





°c 






.6701 


.04 


.6738 


.04 


!.6822 


.04 


.685 


.04 


.6795 


.04 


.677 


.04 


.6673 


.04 


.6296 


.04 


.6628 


.04 


.6661 


.04 


.6921 


.04 


.5998 


.04 


.5982 


.04 


.5742 


.04 < 


.5649 


.04 


.5556 


.04 



Bemares. 



Full Gate. 



i Gate. 

i 

i 

Gear on Gate- 
Shaft loose, & 
Gate closed 
itself grad'ly. 



Waste, 14.352 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from discharge. Thi.s test was completed 
by lamplight, at the close of the Exhibition, and some of the latter observations may not 
be exactly correct, but their general correspondence is evidence that they are not far out 
of the way. 



EOYIFG AE"D YAEJST TABLES. 



TABLH FOR NUMBERING ROVING BY GRAINS, TROT WEIGHT. 



<» til 

o a 

(25 P3 


•6 


sg 

OS 


<j5 (i 


si 

^1 


w a 

a a 

■sw 


a 
3^ 


«'2 

s 

0. 


OS 

p. 



o"| 

6f 


s'2 

OS 
p< 


.si 
"1 


.1 


83.83 


70,000 


1.3 


6.41 


5,384 


2.38 


2,000 


1.234 


1,037 


.15 


55.56 


46,666 


1.4 


5.95 


5,000 


3f 


2.22 


1,866 


7 


1.19 


1,000 


.2 


41.66 


35,000 


1.5 


5.55 


4,666 


4 


2.08 


1,750 


H 


1.149 


965.5 


.3 


27.77 


23,333 


1.6 


5.2 


4,375 


H 


1.96 


1,647 


7+ 


1.111 


933.3 


A 


20.83 


17,500 


1.7 


4.9 


4,117 


u 


1.85 


1,555 


VI 


1.075 


903.2 


.5 


16.66 


14,000 


1.8 


4.62 


3,888 


H 


1.75 


1,473 


8 


1.041 


875 


.6 


13.88 


11,666 


1.9 


4.38 


3,684 


5 


1.66 


1,400 


8^ 


1.01 


848.4 


.1 


11.9 


10,000 


2 


4.16 


3,500 


H 


1.58 


1,333 


8^ 


.98 


823.5 


.8 


10.41 


8,750 


H 


3.7 


3,111 


5^ 


1.51 


1,272 


8f 


.952 


800 


.9 


9.25 


7,777 


H 


3.33 


2,800 


5f 


1.44 


1,217 


9 


.925 


777.77 


1 


8.33 


7,000 


n 


3.03 


2,545 


6 


1.38 


1,166 








1.1 


7.57 


6,363 


3 


2.77 


2.333 


6^ 


1.33 


1,120 








1.2 


6.94 


5,833 


H 


2.56 


2,153 


6ii^ 


1.28 


1,076 


•• 







TABLE FOR NUMBERING YARN BY GRAINS, TROY WEIGHT. 



No. of 


Grains 

per 
Hank. 


No. of 


Grains 


No. of 


Grains 


No. of 


Grains 


No. of 


Grains 


Yarn. 


Yarn. 


per Hank. 


Yarn. 


per Hank. 


Yarn. 


per Hank. 


Yarn. 


per Hank. 


9 


111.11 


Hi 


622.22 


13i 


518.51 


15| 


444.44 


18 


388.88 


9i 


756.75 


IH 


608.69 


13f 


509.09 


16 


437.5 


m 


383.56 


H 


736.84 


iif 


595.74 


14 


500 


16^ 


430.76 


18+ 


378.37 


9i 


720.51 


12 


583.33 


14i 


491.22 


16+ 


424.24 


181 


373.33 


10 


700 


m 


571.42 


14+ 


482.75 


16| 


417.91 


19 


368.42 


lOf 


682.92 


12* 


560 


14f 


474.57 


17 


411.76 


IH 


363.63 


10+ 


666.66 


12f 


549.01 


15 


466.66 


m 


405.79 


19+ 


358.97 


lOf 


651.16 


13 


546.15 


m 


459.01 


m 


400 


19f 


354.43 


11 


636.36 


13i 


526.11 


15+ 


451.61 


17i 


394.36 


20 


350 



116 



TABLE FOR NUMBERING YARN BY a^ALNB.— {Continued.) 



No. of 


Grains 


No. of 


Grains 


No. of 


Grains 


No. of 


Grains 


No. of 


Grains 


Yarn. 


per Hank. 


Yarn. 


per Hank. 


Yarn. 


per Hank. 


Yam. 


per Hank. 


Yarn. 


per 
Hank. 


20i 


344.44 


311 


222.22 


42f 


163.74 


54 


129.62 


81 


86.4 


20i 


341.46 


3 If 


220.47 


43 


162.79 


54i 


129.03 


82 


85.4 


20| 


337.34 


32 


218.75 


43i 


161.84 


54* 


128.44 


83 


84.3 


21 


333.33 


32^ 


217.05 


43* 


160.91 


54f 


127.85 


84 


83.3 


21i 


329.41 


32* 


215.38 


43| 


160 


55 


127.27 


85 


82.4 


2U 


325.58 


32f 


213.74 


44 


159.69 


55J 


126.69 


86 


81.4 


21i 


321.83 


33 


212.12 


Ui 


158.19- 


55* 


126.12 


87 


80.4 


22 


318.18 


33i 


210.52 


44* 


157.41 


55| 


125.56 


88 


79.5 


22i 


314.6 


33* 


208.95 


44| 


156.42 


56 


125 


89 


78.6 


22i 


311.11 


33f 


207.4 


45 


155.55 


56i 


124.49 


90 


77.8 


22| 


307.69 


34 


205.88 


451- 


154.69 


56* 


123.89 


91 


76.9 


23 


304.34 


34i 


204.3 


45* 


153.84 


56| 


123.34 


92 


76.1 


23i 


301.07 


34* 


202.89 


45f 


152.95 


57 


122.8 


93 


75.3 


23* 


297.87 


34| 


201.43 


46 


152.17 


57i 


122.27 


94 


74.5 


23f 


294.73 


35 


200 


46i 


151.3 


57* 


121.73 


95 


73.7 


24 


291.66 


35J 


198.58 


46* 


140.53 


57| 


121.21 


96 


72.9 


24|- 


288.65 


35* 


197.32 


46f 


149.73 


58 


120.68 


97 


72.3 


24i 


285.71 


35| 


195.8 


47 


148.93 


581- 


120.17 


98 


71.4 


24| 


282.82 


36 


194.44 


m 


148.14 


58* 


119.65 


99 


70.7 


25 


280 


36J 


193.1 


47* 


147.34 


58| 


119.14 


100 


70 


25J 


277.22 


36* 


191.78 


471 


146.59 


59 


118.47 


105 


66.7 


25i 


274.5 


36| 


190.47 


48 


145.83 


591 


118.14 


110 


63.6 


251 


271.84 


37 


189.18 


48i 


145.07 


59* 


117.64 


115 


60.9 


26 


269.23 


37i 


187.91 


48* 


144.32 


59| 


117.15 


120 


58.3 


26J 


266.66 


37* 


186.66 


48i 


143.58 


60 


116.66 


125 


56 


26* 


264.15 


37i 


185.42 


49 


142.85 


61 


114.8 


130 


53.8 


261 


261.68 


38 


184.21 


491 


142.13 


62 


112.9 


135 


51.8 


27 


259.25 


38J 


183 


49* 


141.41 


63 


111,1 


140 


50 


27i 


256.88 


38* 


181.81 


491 


140.7 


64 


109.3 


145 


48.3 


2^ 


254.54 


38i 


180.63 


50 


140 


65 


107.7 


150 


46.7 


27| 


252.52 


39 


179.48 


m 


139.3 


66 


106.1 


155 


45.2 


28 


250 


39i 


178.34 


50* 


138.61 


67 


104.4 


160 


43.8 


28i 


247.78 


39* 


177.21 


50| 


137.93 


68 


102.9 


165 


42.4 


28* 


245.61 


39f 


176.1 


51 


137.29 


69 


101.4 


170 


41.2 


28| 


243.46 


40 


175 


51i 


136.58 


70 


100 


175 


40 


29 


241.37 


40i 


173.91 


51* 


135.92 


71 


98.6 


180 


38.9 


29J 


239.31 


40i 


172.83 


5l| 


135.26 


72 


97.2 


185 


37.8 


29* 


237.28 


40i 


171.77 


52 


• 134.61 


73 


95.9 


190 


36.8 


29f 


235.29 


41 


170.73 


52J 


133.97 


74 


94.6 


195 


35.9 


30 


233.33 


41i 


169.69 


52* 


133.33 


75 


93.3 


200 


35 


30ir 


231.4 


41* 


168.67 


52f 


132.7 


76 


92.1 






30*- 


229.5 


41f 


167.66 


53 


132.07 


77 


90.9 






30| 


227.64 


42 


166.66 


531 


131.45 


78 


89.7 


• . • 




31 


225.8 


42J 


165.68 


53* 


130.84 


79 


88.6 






31i 


224.08 


42^ 


164.7 


53f 


130.23 


80 


87.5 







117 



ENGLISH TABLE 

Showing the quality of Warp Yarn, hy the weight, that one seventh of a hank, or eighty 
turns of a yard-and-a-half reel from one bobbin, will bear before breaking, given in 
pounds and ounces. 



Obdinary Quality. 


Faib Qxtal 


ITT. 


Good Quality. 


ExTKA Quality. 


super-extea 
Quality. 


No. 


Breaking 


No. 


Breaking 


No. 


Breaking 


No. 


Breaking. 


No. 


Breaking 


Tarn. 


Weight. 


Tarn. 


Weight. 


Yarn. 


Weight. 


Yarn. 


Weight. 


Yarn. 


Weight. 




Lbs. Oz. 




Lbs. 


Oz. 




Lbs. Oz. 




Lbs. Oz. 




Lbs. Oz. 


10 


115 10 


10 


120 


8 


10 


125 6 


10 


130 4 


10 


135 3 


11 


102 4 


11 


104 


7 


11 


106 10 


11 


108 14 


11 


111 2 


12 


96 15 


12 


99 


2 


12 


100 5 


12 


103 8 


12 


105 12 


13 


91 14 


13 


93 


15 


13 


96 


13 


98 2 


13 


100 4 


14 


89 12 


14 


91 


12 


14 


93 13 


14 


95 14 


14 


97 15 


15 


83 12 


15 


85 


10 


15 


87 8 


15 


89 7 


15 


91 6 


16 


81 11 


16 


83 


8 


16 


85 6 


16 


87 4 


16 


89 2 


1*7 


76 14 


17 


78 


10 


17 


80 6 


17 


82 2 


17 


83 14 


18 


72 10 


18 


74 


4 


18 


75 14 


18 


77 8 


18 


79 3 


20 


67 14 


20 


69 


6 


20 


70 14 


20 


72 7 


20 


74 


22 


61 11 


22 


63 


1 


22 


64 7 


22 


65 14 


22 


67 5 


24 


58 10 


24 


59 


15 


24 


61 4 


24 


62 9 


24 


63 15 


26 


54 10 


26 


55 


13 


26 


57 1 


26 


58 5 


26 


59 9 


28 


50 4 


28 


51 


6 


28 


52 8 


28 


53 10 


28 


54 13 


30 


48 11 


30 


49 


12 


30 


50 13 


30 


51 14 


30 


53 


32 


45 9 


32 


46 


7 


32 


47 5 


32 


48 3 


32 


49 2 


34 


44 6 


34 


45 


6 


34 


46 6 


34 


47 6 


34 


48 6 


36 


41 14 


36 


42 


13 


36 


43 12 


36 


44 11 


36 


45 11 


38 


39 11 


38 


40 


9 


38 


41 7 


38 


42 6 


38 


43 5 


40 


38 15 


40 


39 


13 


40 


40 11 


40 


41 9 


40 


42 8 


42 


37 13 


42 


38 


10 


42 


39 8 


42 


40 6 


42 


41 4 


44 


35 7 


44 


36 


3 


44 


37 


44 


37 13 


44 


38 10 


46 


33 13 


46 


34 


9 


46 


35 5 


46 


36 1 


46 


36 14 


48 


32 8 


48 


32 


14 


48 


34 9 


48 


34 5 


48 


35 1 


50 


32 2 


50 


32 


13 


50 


33 8 


50 


34 4 


50 


35 


55 


30 8 


55 


31 


3 


55 


31 14 


55 


32 9 


55 


33 5 


60 


27 10 


60 


28 


4 


60 


28 14 


60 


29 8 


60 


30 2 


65 


25 8 


65 


26 


1 


65 


26 10 


65 


27 3 


65 


27 13 


10 


24 6 


70 


24 


15 


70 


25 8 


70 


26 1 


70 


26 10 


lb 


22 12 


75 


23 


4 


75 


23 12 


75 


24 4 


75 


24 13 


80 


22 


80 


22 


8 


80 


23 


80 


23 18 


80 


24 


85 


20 4 


85 


20 


13 


85 


21 6 


85 


21 15 


85 


22 8 


90 


19 8 


90 


19 


3 


90 


19 14 


90 


20 9 


90 


21 5 


95 


18 8 


95 


18 


14 


95 


19 5 


95 


19 12 


95 


20 3 


100 


18 4 


100 


18 


10 


100 


19 


100 


19 6 


100 


19 12 


110 


15 10 


110 


16 




110 


16 5 


110 


16 11 


110 


17 


120 


15 8 


, 120 


15 


13 


120 


16 2 


120 


16 7 


120 


16 13 


130 


14 4 


130 


14 


9 


130 


14 14 


130 


15 3 


130 


15 9 


140 


13 10 


140 


13 


15 


140 


14 4 


140 


14 9 


140 


14 14 


150 


12 7 


150 


12 


11 


150 


12 15 


150 


13 4 


150 


13 9 


160 


12 4 


160 


]2 


8 


160 


12 12 


160 


13 


160 


13 5 


ITO 


11 9 


170 


11 


13 


170 


12 1 


170 


12 5 


170 


12 9 


180 


10 10 


180 


10 


13 


180 


11 1 


180 


11 5 


180 


11 9 


190 


10 9 


190 


10 


12 


190 


11 


190 


11 4 


190 


11 8 


200 


10 4 


200 


10 


7 


200 


10 11 


200 


10 15 


200 


11 3 


210 


9 13 


210 


10 




210 


10 3 


210 


10 7 


210 


10 11 


220 


9 13 


220 


9 


15 


220 


10 1 


220 


10 4 


220 


10 7 



118 

ENGLISH TABLE (Continued.) 



Oedinabt Quality. 


Faie Quality. 


Good 


Quality. 


Extra Quality. 


supbk-extea, 
Quality. 


No. 
Tarn. 


Breaking 
Weight. 


No. 
Tarn. 


Breaking 
Weight. 


No. 
Yarn. 


Breaking 
Weight. 


No. 
Yarn. 


Breaking 
Weight. 


No. 
Yarn. 


Breaking 

Weight. 


230 


Lbs. Oz. 
9 3 


230 


Lbs. Oz. 
9 6 


230 


LbB. Oz. 
9 9 


230 


Lbs. Oz. 
9 12 


230 


Lbs. Oz. 
10 


240 


8 14 


240 


9 1 


240 


9 4 


240 


9 7 


240 


9 11 


250 


8 10 


250 


8 13 


250 


9 


250 


9 3 


250 


9 7 


260 


8 8 


260 


8 11 


260 


8 14 


260 


9 1 


260 


9 4 


270 


8 3 


270 


8 6 


270 


8 9 


270 


8 12 


270 


8 15 


280 


8 1 


280 


8 4 


280 


8 7 


280 


8 10 


280 


8 13 


290 


7 12 


290 


7 15 


290 


8 2 


290 


8 5 


290 


8 8 


300 


7 11 


300 


7 13 


300 


8 8 


300 


8 3 


300 


8 6 


310 


7 7 


310 


7 9 


310 


7 12 


310 


7 15 


310 


8 2 


320 


7 6 


320 


7 8 


320 


7 10 


320 


7 13 


320 


8 


330 


7 2 


330 


7 4 


330 


7 17 


330 


7 10 


330 


7 13 


340 


6 15 


340 


7 1 


340 


7 3 


340 


7 6 


340 


7 9 


350 


6 14 


350 


7 


350 


7 2 


350 


7 5 


350 


7 8 



ENGLISH TWIST TABLE. 

Showing the square root of the numbers or counts from 1 to 100 hanks in the pound, 
with the twists per inch for different kinds of yarn. 



S£ 
















11 


Square 


Frame 


Extra Mule 


Mule Twist. 


Filling 


Twist for 


Hosiery- 


Koot. 


Warp Twist. 


Twist. 




Twist. 


Doubling. 


Yarn. 


1 


1 


4.75 


4 


3.75 


3.25 


2.75 


2.5 


2 


1.4142 


6.71 


5.65 


5.3 


4.6 


3.88 


3.53 


3 


1.732 


8.22 


6.92 


6.49 


5.62 


4.76 


4.33 


4 


2 


9.5 


8 


7.5 


6.5 


5.5 


5 


5 


2.236 


10.62 


8.94 


8.37 


7.25 


6.14 


5.59 


6 


2.4494 


11.63 


9.79 


9.18 


7.96 


6.73 


6.12 


7 


2.6467 


12.56 


10.58 


9.92 


8.59 


7.27 


6.61 


8 


2.8284 


13.43 


11.31 


10.5 


9.19 


7.77 


7.07 


9 


3 


14.25 


12 


11.25 


9.75 


8.25 


7.5 


10 


3.1622 


15.02 


12.64 


11.85 


10.27 


8.79 


7.9 


11 


3.3166 


15.75 


13.26 


12.43 


10.77 


9.12 


8.29 


12 


3.4641 


16.45 


13.85 


12.99 


11.25 


9.52 


8.66 


13 


3.6055 


17.12 


14.42 


13.65 


11.71 


9.91 


9.01 


14 


.3.7416 


17.77 


14.96 


14.03 


12.16 


10.28 


9.35 


15 


3.8729 


18.39 


15.49 


14.52 


12.48 


10.65 


9.68 


16 


4 


19 


16 


15 


13 


11 


10 


17 


4.1231 


19.58 


16.49 


15.46 


13.4 


11.33 


10.3 


18 


4.2426 


20.15 


16.97 


15.9 


13.78 


11.66 


10.6 


19 


4.3588 


20.7 


17.43 


16.34 


14.16 


11.98 


10.8 


20 


4.4721 


21.14 


17.88 


16.77 


14.53 


12.29 


11.18 


21 


4.5825 


21.76 


18.33 


17.18 


14.8 


12.6 




22 


4.6904 


22.27 


18.76 


17.58 


15.24 


12.8 





119 



ENGLISH TWIST TABIjE.— (Continued.) 



Square 
Koot. 



4.'7958 

4.8089 

5 

5.099 

5.1961 

6.2915 

5.3851 

5.4772 

5.5677 

5.6568 

5.7745 

5.8309 

5.916 

6 

6.0827 

6.1644 

6.2449 

6.3245 

6.4031 

6.4807 

6.5574 

6.6332 

6.7082 

6.7823 

6.8556 

6.9282 

7 

7.071 

7.1414 

7.2111 

7.2807 

7.3484 

7.4161 

7.4833 

7.5498 

7.6157 

7.6811 

7.7459 

7.8102 

7.874 

7.9372 

8 

8.0622 

8.124 

8.1853 

8.2462 

8.3066 

8.3666 

8.4261 

8.4852 

8.544 

8.6023 

8.6602 



Frame 
Warp Twist. 



22.78 

23.26 

23.75 

24.22 

24.63 

25.13 

25.57 

26.01 

26.44 

26.86 

27.42 

27.69 

28.1 

28.5 

28.89 

29.28 

29.66 

30.04 

30.42 

30.78 

31.14 

31.5 

31.86 

32.21 

32.56 

32.9 

33.25 

33.58 

33.92 

34.25 

34.58 

34.9 

35.22 

35.54 

35.86 

36.17 

36.53 

36.79 

37.09 

37.4 

37.7 

38 

38.29 

38.58 

38.88 

39.16 

39.45 

39.74 

40.02 

40.3 

40.58 

40.86 

41.13 



Extra Mule 
Twist. 



19.18 

19.59 

20 

20.39 

20.78 

21.16 

21.54 

21.9 

22.27 

22.62 

23.09 

23.32 

23.66 

24 

24.33 

24.65 

24.98 

25.29 

25.61 

25.92 

26.22 

26.53 

26.83 

27.12 

27.42 

27.71 

28 

28.28 

28.56 

28.84 

29.12 

29.39 

29.66 

29.93 

30.2 

30.46 

30.72 

30.98 

31.24 

31.49 

31.74 

32 

32.24 

32.49 

32.74 

32.98 

3.3.22 

33.46 

33.7 

33.94 

34.17 

34.4 

34.64 



Mule Twist. 



17.98 

18.37 

18.75 

19.11 

19.48 

19.84 

20.19 

20.58 

19.77 

21.21 

22.64 

21.86 

22.18 

22.5 

22.81 

23.11 

23.41 

23.71 

24.01 

24.3 

24.59 

24.87 

25.15 

25.43 

25.7 

25.98 

26.25 

26.51 

26.78 

27.04 

27.3 

27.55 

27.81 

28.06 

28.31 

28.55 

28.8 

29.04 

29.28 

29.52 

29.76 

30 

30.23 

30.46 

30.69 

30.92 

31.14 

31.37 

31.59 

31.81 

32.03 

32.25 

32.47 



Filling 
Twist. 



15.58 

15.92 

16.25 

16.57 

16.88 

17.19 

17.49 

17.8 

18 

18.38 

18.75 

18.95 

19.22 

19.5 

19.76 

20.03 

20.29 

20.55 

20.81 

21.05 

21.31 

21.55 

21.8 

22.04 

22.28 

22.51 

22.75 

22.98 

23.2 

23.43 

23.66 

23.88 

24.1 

24.32 

24.53 

24.75 

24.96 

25.17 

25.38 

25.59 

25.79 

26 

26.2 

26.4 

26.6 

26.8 

26.99 

27.17 

27.38 

27.57 

27.76 

27.95 

28.14 



Twist for 
Doubling. 



Hosiery 
Yam. 



13.18 

13.47 

13.75 

14.02 

14.28 

14.55 

14.8 

15.06 

15.31 

15.55 

16.87 

16.03 

16.27 

16.5 

16.72 

16.95 

17.17 

17.39 

17.6 

17.82 

18.03 

18.24 

18.44 

18.65 

18.85 

18.95 

19.25 

19.44 

19.63 

19.83 

20.02 

20.2 

20.39 

20.57 

20.76 

20.94 

21.14 

21.3 

21.47 

21.65 

21.82 

22 

22.17 

22.34 

22.5 

22.67 

22.84 

23 

23.17 

23.33 

23.48 

23.65 

23.81 



120 



ENGLISH TWIST TABIjE.— {Continued.) 



76 
11 
18 
19 
80 
81 
82 
83 
84 
85 
86 
81 
88 
89 
90 
91 
92 
93 
94 
95 
96 
97 
98 
99 
100 



Square 
Koot. 



8.7177 
8.7749 
8.8317 
8.8881 
8.9442 
9 

9.0553 
9.1104 
9.1651 
9.2195 
9.2736 
9.3273 
9.3808 
9.4339 
9.4868 
9.5393 
9.5916 
9.6436 
9.6953 
9.7457 
9.7979 
9.8488 
9.8994 
9.9498 
10 



Frame 
Warp Twist. 



41.4 

41.68 

41.95 

42.21 

42.48 

42.75 

43.01 

43.26 

43.53 

43.79 

44.04 

44.3 

44.55 

44.81 

45.06 

45.31 

45.56 

45.8 

46.05 

46.19 

46.54 

46.78 

47.02 

47.26 

47.5 



Extra Mule 
Twist. 



34.87 

35.09 

35.32 

35.55 

35.77 

36 

36.22 

36.44 

36.66 

36.87 

37.09 

37.28 

37.52 

37.73 

37.94 

38.15 

38.36 

38.57 

38.78 

38.98 

39.19 

39.39 

39.59 

39.79 

40 



Mule Twist. 



32.69 

32,9 

33.17 

33.33 

33.54 

33,75 

33,95 

34.16 

34,36 

34.57 

34.77 

34.97 

35.17 

35,37 

35.47 

35.77 

35.96 

36.16 

36.35 

36.55 

36,74 

36,93 

37.11 

37,31 

37.5 



Filling 
Twist. 



28.33 

28.51 

28.6 

28.88 

29,06 

29.25 

29.42 

29.6 

29.78 

29.96 

80.13 

80,31 

30,48 

30.66 

30.83 

81 

81,17 

31.34 

31.5 

31.67 

31.84 

32 

32,17 

82.36 

32.5 



Twist for 
Doubling. 



Hosiery 
Yarn. 



23.97 

24.13 

24.28 

24.44 

24.59 

24.75 

24.9 

25.05 

25.2 

25.35 

25.5 

25.6,5 

25.79 

25.94 

26.08 

26.23 

26.37 

26.51 

26.66 

26,8 

26.94 

27.08 

27.22 

27.36 

27.5 



ROVING TWIST TABLE. 

Showing twists per inch and the laps per inch on the bobbins, according to the size of 

the roving. 



Hank 


Square 


Twist per 


Coils per 


Hank 


Square 


Twist per 


Coils per 


Roving. 


Koot. 


Inch. 


Bobbin. 


Koving. 


Eoot. 


Inch. 


Bobbin. 


i 


,7071 


,848 


6.576 


2 


1.4142 


1.697 


13.152 


f 


.791 


.949 


7.358 


2* 


1.4577 


1.749 


13.556 


f 


.866 


1.039 


8.052 


2i 


1.5 


1.8 


13.95 


1 


.9354 


1.122 


8.699 


H 


1.5411 


1.849 


14.331 




1 


1.2 


9.3 


2i 


1.5811 


1.897 


14.704 


H 


1.0606 


1.272 


9.863 


2| 


1.6201 


1.944 


15.067 


li 


1.118 


1.341 


10.397 


2f 


1.6583 


1.989 


15.422 


If 


1.1726 


1.407 


10.805 


2* 


1.6956 


2.034 


15.768 


H 


1.2247 


1.469 


11.389 


3 


1.732 


2.078 


16.107 


If 


1.2747 


1.529 


11.849 


3i 


1.7677 


2.121 


16.439 


i| 


1.3228 


1.587 


12.302 


H 


1.8027 


2.163 


16.765 


n 


1.3688 


1.643 


12.734 


3f 


1.8371 


2.204 


17.085 



121 

ROVING TWIST TAB1.E.— {Continued.) 



Hank 


Square 


Twist per 


Coils per 
Inch on 


Hank 


Square 


Twist per 


Coils per 
Inch on 


Eoving. 


Root. 


Inch. 


Bobbin. 


Koving. 


Root. 


Inch. 


Bobbin. 


34^ 


l.SYOS 


2.244 


17.391 


8i 


2.9154 


3.498 


27.113 


H 


1.9034 


2.284 


17.701 


8f 


2.9368 


3.524 


27.312 


3i 


1.9364 


2.323 


18.202 


8f 


2.958 


3.549 


27.509 


H 


1.9685 


2.362 . 


17.313 


8| 


2.979 


3.574 


27.705 


4 


2 


2.4 


18.6 


9 


3 


8.6 


27.9 


H 


2.031 


2.437 


18.886 


H 


3.0201 


3.624 


28.092 


4i 


2.0615 


2.473 


19.166 


9i 


3.0413 


8.649 


28.284 


4f 


2.0918 


2.509 


19.444 


91 


3.0618 


3.674 


28.475 


4i 


2.1213 


2.545 


19.723 


9i 


3.0824 


8.698 


28.664 


4f 


2.1505 


2.58 


20 


n 


3.1024 


3.722 


28.852 


4f 


2.1794 


2.615 


20.268 


91 


3.1224 


3.746 


29.039 


41 


2.2078 


2.649 


20.533 


9| 


8.1424 


3.77 


29.224 


6 


2.236 


2.683 


20.793 


10 


3.1622 


3.794 


29.409 


5i 


2.2638 


2.716 


21.053 


lOi 


3.1815 


3.817 


29.582 


5i 


2.2912 


2.749 


21.308 


lOi 


3.2015 


3.841 


29.774 


5f 


2.3184 


2.782 


21.561 


lOf 


3.221 


3.865 


29.945 


Bi 


2.3452 


2.814 


21.81 


m 


3.2403 


3.888 


30.135 


51 


2.3717 


2.846 


22.057 


lOf 


3.2596 


3.911 


30.314 


5f 


2.3979 


2.877 


22.3 


lOf 


3.2788 


3.934 


30.492 


5| 


2.4238 


2.908 


22.541 


m 


3.2975 


3.957 


30.663 


6 


2.4494 


2.939 


22.78 


11 


3.3166 


3.979 


30.834 


6i 


2.4748 


2.969 


23.009 


Hi 


3.3354 


4.002 


31.016 


6i 


2.5 


3 


23.25 


Hi 


3.3541 


4.024 


81.193 


6f 


2.5248 


8.029 


23.48 


Hf 


3.3726 


4.047 


31.365 


H 


2.5495 


3.059 


23.71 


m 


3.3911 


4.069 


31.537 


H 


2.5739 


3.088 


23.938 


Hf 


3.4095 


4.091 


81.706 


61 


2.598 


3.117 


24.161 


Hf 


3.4278 


4.113 


31.878 


6i 


2.622 


3.146 


24.384 


.H^ 


8.446 


4.135 


32.047 


7 


2.6457 


3.174 


24.605 


12 


3.4641 


4.156 


32.216 


n 


2.6692 


3.203 


24.823 


m 


3.482 


4.178 


32.382 


n 


2.6925 


3.231 


25.04 


m 


3.5 


4.2 


32.55 


n 


2.7156 


3.258 


25.255 


in 


3.5176 


4.221 


32.716 


n 


2.7386 


3.286 


25.468 


12i 


3.5355 


4.242 


32.885 


n 


2.7613 


8.313 


25.679 


12f 


3.5531 


4.263 


33.043 


n 


2.7838 


3.34 


25.89 


12f 


3.5707 


4.284 


33.208 


n 


2.8062 


8.367 


26.107 


12| 


3.5881 


4.305 


33.369 


8 


2.8284 


3;394 


26.304 


18 


3.6055 


4.326 


33.586 


8i 


2.8504 


3.42 


26.519 


14 


3.7416 


4.489 


84.797 


8J 


2.8722 


3.446 


26.712 


15 


3.8728 


4.647 


36.017 


8f 


2.8939 


3.472 


26.913 












122 

Rule by which to find the Draft of any Spinning Machine. 
Write down the number of teeth in all the driving wheels and 
multiply them together. Then write down the number of teeth in all 
the wheels that are driven, and multiply them together in like man- 
ner. If there is any difference in the diameter of the rollers, multiply 
the least, or driver's product, by the diameter of the back roller, which 
is also a driver, and the largest product, or that of the driven wheels, 
by the diameter of the front roller, which is also driven. Divide the 
sum of the driven wheels by that of the drivers, and the quotient will 
be the draft of the machine. 





Example. 


Drivers. 
20 




Driven 
64 


18 
160 




30 
1920 


20 


2520 


8 


360 


) 15360 ( 6.1 draft of frame, nearly. 


7 




15120 


2520 




240 remainder = .1, nearly. 



To FIND THE Draft on a Mule. 

Suppose the driving pinion on the front roller is 20 ; stud carrier, 
74 ; change pinion attached to the carrier, 32 ; this drives the back 
roller by a wheel of 68. The diameter of the front roller is one inch, 
and that of the back roller seven eighths of an inch. 

Rule. 

Multiply the change pinion, 32, by the front-roller pinion, 20, and 
that product by 7, the diameter of the back roller being seven eighths 
of an inch. Multiply the number of teeth in the stud carrier, 74, by 
the number in the roller wheel, 68, and that product by 8, the diam- 
eter of the front roller being eight eighths of an inch. Divide the 
greater number by the less, and the quotient will be the draft of the 

mule. 

Example. 



ivers. 


Driven. 


32 


74 


20 


68 


640 


692 


7 diam. back roller. 


444 


4480 


5032 




8 diam. front roller. 




4480 ) 40256 ( 9, Ans. 


le draft is nearly 1 into 9. 


40320 



123 

Rule by which to find the Number of Twists per Inch in 

THE Yarn. 

Multiply the number of revolutions of the front roller by its cir- 
cumference, and divide the number of revolutions of the spindle per 
minute by that product. 

Example. 

91 revolutions of front roller per minute 
3| inches circunaference of roller. 
273 
13 
Inches per minute, 286)6000(21 twists to 1 inch, nearly. 
512 
280 
286 

To number the yam produced from, a given draioing or sliver : 
Measure off a convenient number of yards of sliver ; multiply this 
number by extent of drawing on roving and spinning heads ; then 
multiply by 8^ and divide by the weight, which will give the number 
of yarn produced from the given sliver. 

Example. 

Take 2 yards of sliver weighing 20 grains ; 2 x 5, the draw on roving, = 10 x 10, 

833 3 
the draw on spinning ; 100 x 8|- = '— grains = the number, 41. 6' 



To determine the number of hanJcs or decimal parts ofhanJcs to 
the pound, for carding, drawing, slubbing, roving, and yarn, according 
to a given number of yards reeled or measured : Multiply the number 
of yards by 8^ and divide by their weight ; the quotient will be the 
hanks or decimal parts of hanks required. 

To determine what weight a given length of drawing, slubbing, 
roving, or yarn shoidd be to equal a given number of hanlcs or deci- 
mal parts of hanks required: Multiply the given number of yards in 
length by 8^ and divide by the number of hanks or decimal parts of 
hanks required ; the quotient will be the weight of the given length 
of drawing, roving, or yarn required. 

To number the yarn produced by roving : Reel or measure off a 
convenient number of yards of roving ; multiply this number by ex- 
tent of drawing or spinning heads. This product multiplied by 8^ 
and divided by its weight will give the number of yarn which would 
be made from the roving. 



124 



Example. 



Suppose 5 yards of roving weigh 20 grains, then 5 x 10 drawing = 50 x 8J- = 

— '— grains = 20.8, the number. 
20 

To change from one number to another on a mule or spinning 
frame when the draft and roving have both to he altered: Multiply 
the number of yarn, the yarn being spun, by the hank roving desired, 
and that product by the number of teeth in the change pinion being 
used ; divide the product thus obtained by the number of yarn de- 
sired, multiplied by the hank roving being used. The quotient will 
show the change pinion required. 

To change from one number to another without changing the rov- 
ing : Multii3ly the number of teeth in the change pinion in use by the 
number of yarn being spun. The product, divided by the desired 
number of yarn, will give the change pinion required. 

For the above tables the writer is indebted to Messrs. George 
Draper & Sons, of Hopedale, Mass. 



HISTORICAL SKETCH 

OF THE 

OOMMEN'OEMEI^T AISTD PROGEESS 

OP THE 

COTTON MANUFACTURE IN THE 
UNITED STATES 

UP TO 

18T6. 



HISTORICAL SKETCH. 



CHAPTER I. 



The history of cotton manufacturing in the United States is so in- 
separably interwoven with that of its progress in Europe, its growth 
has been so rapid, and its results have exercised such an enormous in- 
fluence on our national welfare, that it is necessary and advisable, be- 
fore attempting to describe it, to examine its history in England, 
where machinery was first applied to this purpose, and note its prog- 
ress up to the time when the first spindles were set in motion on this 
side of the Atlantic ; and to do this I shall have occasion to quote 
from the various works of Dr. Andrew Ure on the subject and from 
Baines's " History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain," 

The words " calico," " muslin," and " nankeen " bear testimony to 
the Asiatic origin of the cotton fabrics bearing those names, which 
had been imported into Europe long before any attempt was made 
there to spin the fiber of which they were composed ; and any inquiry 
into the origin or date of the cotton plant and the fabrics produced 
from it previous to the invention of machinery for the purpose may be 
dismissed with a short notice as foreign to our subject. 

The first record of the introduction of the cotton fiber into Eng- 
land is in the year 1641, in a little treatise on trade, called "Treasure 
of Traffic," by Lewis Roberts, in which he says : " The town of Man- 
chester buys the linen yarn of the Irish in great quantity, and, weaving 
it, returns the same again in linen into Ireland to sell. Neither does 
her industry rest here, for they buy cotton wool in London that comes 
from Cyprus and Smyrna, and work the same into fustians, vermil- 
lions, and dimities, which they return to London, where they are sold ; 
and from thence not seldom are sent into foreign parts, where the 
first materials may be more easily had for that manufacture." 

Were it not for the distinct reference to Cyprus and Smyrna, it 
would be somewhat doubtful even here if cotton was really the article 



spun, as the word " cotton " seems to have been indifferently " used for 
' coating ' in the English works of that day, and denoted a species of 
woolen stuff made for that purpose." (Ure, " Origin and Progress of 
Cotton Manufacture," vol. i., p. 30.) 

Be this as it may, the amount of cotton used in England was com- 
paratively trifling until the invention of Arkwright in 1768, and it 
was only in 1774 that it was made lawful by act of Parliament to wear 
fabrics composed wholly of cotton. Ure says that " the imports of 
cotton wool from the end of the seventeenth century till the middle of 
the eighteenth seem, however, to have remained in a stationary condi- 
tion. In fact, the quantity was only 24,000 or 25,000 lbs. less than 
2,000,000 in each of the years 1697, 1701, and 1720. But in 1730 it 
had fallen to a little more than 1,500,000, and in 1740 it was only 
1,660,000. In 1750 it rose to about 3,000,000, and in 1764 it amounted 
to nearly 4,000,000, betokening the auspicious noonday of the cotton 
trade of England. The importation of cotton wool was greatly kept 
in check by the large importation of East Indian cotton goods, which 
continued with fluctuations during the whole of the eighteenth cen- 
tury, with the exception of a short period toward its close, after the 
application of the machinery of Arkwright to spin warp, and that of 
Crompton to spin weft for muslin in general." Ure also says that 
" almost all the cotton consumed in the British manufactures was ob- 
tained from the West Indies and British Guiana prior to the year 
1794, with the exception of a little from India and the Levant for the 
fustian trades, and a still smaller quantity from the Brazils and the 
Isle of Bourbon for the finer muslin yarns " ; and the sujjply for 1787 is 
given by him as follows : 

British West Indian 6,800,000 lbs. 

French and Spanish Colonies 6,000,000 " 

Dutch " 1,700,000" 

Portuguese " 2,500,000" 

Isle of Bourbon 100,000 " 

Smyrna and Turkey 5,700,000 " 

22,800,000 " 

And 26,000,000 lbs. may be considered as the extreme till the appear- 
ance in England of cotton from America, which happened, according 
to Baines, in 1784, when " eight bags of cotton arrived at Liverpool 
in a vessel from Savannah, and were seized by the customs authorities 
on the ground that they could not possibly have been the produce of 
the country whence they were exported." Leaving this matter of the 
supply of cotton for a while, let us return to the history of its manu- 
facture by machinery. 



The first successful patent for drawing cotton by means of rollers 
revolving at different sjjeeds, which is the whole basis of cotton sj)in- 
ning, was granted to Richard Arkwright in 1769 ; and in 1771, in con- 
nection with Samuel Need, a considerable manufacturing hosier of Not- 
tingham, and Jedediah Strutt, of Derby, the inventor of the frame for 
making ribbed stockings, he erected the first water spinning mill at 
Cromford, on the Derwent River in Derbyshire, and in 1775 obtained 
his second patent, which covered the whole train of operations in a 
spinning factory. 

After Arkwright had at great expense got his mills into successful 
operation, there arose a number of claimants to different parts of his 
invention, and it seems probable that crude attempts had been made 
by other parties at various times, but unsuccessfully, to do that which 
he succeeded in accomplishing. 

At nearly the same time with Arkwright's invention of the " water- 
frame," as it was called, the spinning jenny was patented by James 
Hargi'eaves, differing in principle from Arkwright's process of rollers 
by having a reciprocating motion and drawing out and twisting the 
yarn at the same time by the motions of the caiTiage and spindles, 
which were, however, sej^arate in the jenny ; the spindles being sta- 
tionary, and the carriage or draw-bar operated with the left hand, 
regulating the delivery of the roving. 

From the "water-twist-frame" of Arkwright and the "jenny" of 
Hargreaves, in 1770, Samuel Crompton, of Bolton, constructed the 
" mule " in 1776, which, howevei-, did not come into general use until 
about 1786, on the abrogation of Arkwright's patent, taking its name 
of " mule " from its joint parentage. 

About the same time an ingenious mechanic of Stockport con- 
structed the " slubbing-billy," a combination of the jenny and the 
mule, which was used for drawing out the loose " slab " or " slubbing " 
of wool as delivered from the card, and giving it a partial twist, form- 
ing a soft " roving," which was afterward spun into yarn. 

In giving Arkwright the credit for the first successful patents for 
machinery for cotton carding and spinning, it is not my intention to 
ignore the claims of other parties who had previously made attempts 
to accomplish the same object by very similar means, and I will there- 
fore briefly mention them. According to Dr. lire, a patent was 
granted in 1738 to Lewis Paul, of Birmingham, for " spinning wool 
and cotton by rollers," but evidence shows the real inventor to have 
been John Wyatt, of the same town. 

I quote from Ure as follows : "An interesting notice of Mr. Wy- 
att's contrivances for spinning cotton was published by his son, Mr. 
Charles Wyatt, in the ' Repertory of Arts, Manufactures, and Agricul- 



ture' for January, 1818, of which his brother, Mr. John Wyatt, was 
then editor. The following extracts contain the substance of the 
communication : ' In the year 1730 or thereabouts, living then at a vil- 
lage near Litchfield, our respected father first conceived the project 
and carried it into effect ; and in the year 1733, by a model of about 
two feet square, in a small building near Sutton Coldfield, without a 
single witness to the performance, was spun the first thread of cotton 
ever produced without the intervention of the human fingers, he, the 
inventor, to use his own words, " being all the time in a pleasing hut 
trembling suspense.'*'' The wool had been carded in the common way, 
and was passed hetioeen two cylinders, whence the bobbins drew it by 
means of the twist.^" This certainly is not Arkwright's invention, 
where the " sliver " of cotton is drawn between " pairs of rollers," de- 
scribed by him in this manner in his patent, viz., "Four pairs of roll- 
ers, the forms of which are drawn in the margin, which act by tooth 
and pinion made of brass and steel nuts fixed in two iron jjlates. That 
part of the roller which the cotton runs through is covered with wood, 
the top roller with leather, and the bottom one fluted, which lets the 
cotton, etc, through it ; by one pair of rollers moving quicker than the 
other draws it finer for twisting, which is performed by the spindles," 

The patent as granted to Paul also claims " a succession of other 
rollers, cylinders, or cones, moving proportionably faster than the 
first," but unfortunately adds a claim of such manifest absurdity — i. e., 
"Sometimes these successive rowlers, cylinders, or cones (but not the 
first) have another rotation besides that which diminishes the thread, 
viz., that they give it a small degree of twist betwixt each pair, by 
means of the thread itself passing through the axis and center of 
that rotation " — as to utterly upset the whole claim. The last para- 
graph of Paul's patent covers what Wyatt actually did, and what was 
probably the whole of the invention, viz., " In some other cases only 
the first pair of rowlers, cillinders, or cones are used, and then the 
bobbyn, spole, or quill upon which the thread, yarn, or worsted is 
spun is so contrived as to draw faster than the first rowlers, cillinders, 
or cones give, and in such proportion as the first niass, rope, or sliver 
is proposed to be diminished." 

In 1748 a patent for carding machinery, in which is described the 
cylinder card as first used by hand, was granted to Lewis Paul, and 
consisted of a cylinder clothed with sheets or fillets, substantially as at 
the present day. A concave card clothed in the same manner was ap- 
plied to the under side, and after the cotton was sufficiently carded, by 
turning the cylinder by hand, the casing was let down, and the cylin- 
der stripped by hand, the rolls obtained in this manner from each 
sheet being pieced together at the ends to form a continuous roving. 



In 1758 a second patent was issued to Paul, from which I quote : 
" The several rowls or filaments so taken off (the flat cards) must be 
connected into one entire roll, which being put between a pair of 
rollers or cylinders, is by their turning round delivered to the nose of 
a spindle, in such proportion to the thread made as is proper for the 
particular occasion. From hence it is delivered to a bobbin, spole, or 
quill which turns upon the spindle, and which gathers up the thread or 
yarn as it is spun. The spindle is so contrived as to draw faster than 
the rollers or cylinders give, in proportion to the length of thread or 
yarn into which the matter to be spun is proposed to be drawn." 

This covers the principal claims to priority of invention in carding 
and spinning, although the invention of the feeder was claimed by 
John Lees in 1772, and James Hargreaves, the inventor of the "jenny," 
claimed the crank and comb for taking the cotton from the card. 
Thomas Wood also in 1774 claimed to have obtained a perjDetual or 
endless carding by nailing the card fillet on spirally instead of longi- 
tudinally ; but all these points are covered in Arkwright's patents of 
1775. 

The machinery of Paul and Wyatt proved a failure, and the mill at 
Northampton, where it was erected, was dismantled and sold in 1764. 

Arkwright's final success led to continual infringements on his pat- 
ents, and in 1781 a law-suit was the consequence, in which he was 
beaten on the score of obscurity and defectiveness in his specifications, 
and a second trial in 1785 confirmed the former decision, and threw 
his inventions open to the public. 

Although Arkwright's first machinery was moved by water power, 
the invention of the steam engine by Watt in 1769 — the same year of 
Arkwright's first patent — proved of incalculable value to the new 
manufacture, and in 1785 Messrs, Boulton and Watt erected the first 
engine for cotton spinning at Papplewick in Nottinghamshire. In 
1787 they erected one at Warrington, and three at Nottingham — all 
for hosiery yarns — and in 1789 one was built for the calico trade of 
Manchester. 

This brings us properly to the end of this chapter and the date of 
the introduction of the cotton manufacture into America, and it can 
not better be closed than by the following quotation from Mr. Samuel 
Batchelder, of Cambridge, to whom the writer is greatly indebted for 
permission to copy from his valuable little history of the " Introduc- 
tion of the Cotton Manufacture in the United States," as well as for 
other information derived from his great experience in manufac- 
turing : 

" It is not always easy to decide to whom we ought to award the 
merit of many inventions, which may have been the study of various 



6 

ingenious mechanics for years without success ; and it happens in re- 
lation to cotton machinery, as in other mechanical inventions, that 
there are conflicting claims to all the most important improvements 
after they are put in operation. Many may have been engaged for a 
long time in unsuccessful attempts to accomplish the object, and 
among them some who have been partially successful, but not so far 
as to make their schemes of any practical utility. At length some 
one with better advantages, or better workmanship, or by the applica- 
tion of the same principles with more skill and better judgment, 
builds a machine which goes into successful operation. In such a case 
all the unsuccessful schemers rise up and say, ' I tried that principle,' 
or, ' I put that wheel in operation years ago ' ; and thus all those who 
condemn themselves by having made the attempt without success, 
come before the public and contend for the merit of the more fortu- 
nate or more skillful mechanic who has brought the plans to perfec- 
tion. Something of this kind probably occurred in relation to the 
invention of Arkwright's spinning machinery. According to the evi- 
dence on the trial in relation to his patent in 1785, it would appear 
that Highs, who " (claimed to have) " invented the spinning jenny in 
1763 or 1764, afterward made some experiments or attempts at spin- 
ning with rollers, but without succeeding so far as to make it of any 
practical use. It seems probable that Arkwright became acquainted 
with the experiments of Highs, and was able, by combination with his 
own plans, to mature the invention, and put it in successful operation. 
This, as well as most other important improvements, is the result of 
successive experiments and failures, until some one who becomes ac- 
quainted with the unsuccessful schemes, and has the skill and good 
judgment to remedy the defects, succeeds in perfecting the invention. 
"In 1780 there were twenty water-frame factories, the property of 
Mr. Arkwright, or of j^arties who had paid him for permission to use 
his machinery ; and after his patent was made public in 1785, the 
number increased so rapidly that in 1790 there were one hundred and 
fifty cotton factories in England and Wales." 



CHAPTER II. 

In commencing the account of the progress of the cotton manufac- 
ture in the United States, the writer must again acknowledge his in- 
debtedness to Mr. Samuel Batchelder, of Cambridge, probably the 
oldest living cotton manufacturer in the country ; * and to White's 
"Memoirs of Samuel Slater," published in Philadelphia in 1836, for the 
greater part of his material relating to the introduction of cotton ma- 
chinery and the history of its manufacture previous to the foundation 
of Waltham in 1813. The reader must bear in mind that the factories 
spoken of so far in England, and which will be mentioned in this coun- 
try up to the above-mentioned date, bear no comparison to the gigan- 
tic structures which strike his eye in all our manufacturing cities and 
villages to-day: no "Arctic" or "Baltic," "Atlantic "or "Pacific," 
" Social " or " Harmony " Mills, taking in the cotton at one end, and 
discharging some completed and beautiful fabric at the other, but 
small mills of a few hundred or even one or two thousand spindles, 
simply producing yarn, which was afterward woven by hand in the 
country farm-houses for miles around into a great variety of coarse 
" domestic " fabrics ; whence the name applied to the ordinary coarse 
sheetings and shirtings made by machinery at the present day. 

The first record to be found of any action in this country toward 
introducing machinery for the manufacture of cotton is in the journals 
of the Legislature of Massachusetts in 1786. I quote from Mr, 
Batchelder : " On the 25th of October, 1786, Richard Cranch, of the 
Senate, and Mr. Clarke and Mr, Bowdoin, of the House, were ap- 
pointed ' to view any new invented machines that are making within 
this Commonwealth for the purpose of manufacturing sheej^'s and cot- 
ton wool, and report what measures are proper for the Legislature to 
take to encourage the same.' This committee reported that ' they had 
examined those very curious and useful machines made by Robert and 
Alexander Barr for the purpose of carding and spinning cotton.' And 

* Since these pages were written, the death of Mr, Batchelder, at Cambridge, Mass., 
in February, 1879, has closed a long, useful, and valuable life, at the advanced age of 
over ninety-six years. 



8 

in accordance with the further report of the committee, a resolve was 
passed on the 16th of November, 1786, granting the sum of £200, 'to 
enable them to complete the said three machines, and also a roping 
machine, and to construct such other machines as are necessary for the 
purpose of carding, roping, and spinning of sheep's wool as well as of 
cotton wool.' " 

On the 8th of March, 1787, Messrs. Cranch, of the Senate, and 
Clarke and Howard, of the House, were appointed a committee to ex- 
amine the machines now nearly completed by Robert and Alexander 
Barr, and also to examine and allow their account for the expense of 
making them, and also to report to the next General Court what gra- 
tuity should be allowed them "as a reward for their ingenuity, and an 
encouragement for their public spirit in making them known to this 
Commonwealth." 

" The report of this committee allowed their account to the sum of 
£189 12s., including the expense of transporting the machines to and 
from Boston," from which it is to be inferred that they were exhibited 
to the Legislature, and on May 2, 1787, a further resolve was passed, 
discharging the Messrs. Barr from the advance of the £200 aforesaid, 
and granting them six tickets in the land lottery established by an act 
passed the 14th of November, 1786, as a proper reward. " And it is 
further resolved, that the said machines be left under the care of the 
Hon. Hugh Orr, Esq., until the further order of the General Court, 
and that public notice be given for three weeks successively in 
Adams and Nourse's Newspaper, that the said machines may be seen 
and examined at the house of the Hon. Hugh Orr, Esq., in Bridge- 
water, and that the manner of working them will be there explained 
to those who may wish to be more particularly informed of their great 
use and advantage in carrying on the woolen and cotton manufactures. 
And the said Hon. Hugh Orr, Esq., is hereby requested to explain to 
such citizens as may apply for the same the principles on which said 
machines are constructed, and the advantages arising from their use, 
both by verbal explanations and by letting them see the machines at 
work. And it is further resolved, that the said Hon. Hugh Orr, Esq., 
be, and he hereby is, permitted and allowed to make use of the said 
machines during the whole time of his having the care of them, as 
some recompense for his own time and trouble in shewing them and 
explaining their use to the citizens of this commonwealth at large," 

Mr. Batchelder quotes from Judge Mitchell's " History of Bridge- 
water " the following notice of the above-mentioned Hugh Orr, Esq. : 
" Hugh Orr was born at Lochwinnoch, in Scotland, January 2, 1715, 
and came to America June 17, 1740, and settled at Bridgewater, 
where he died December 6, 1798. He was engaged there before the 



9 

Revolution in the manufacture of fire-arras, and at the commencement 
of that war made the first cannon that were made in this country by 
boring from the solid casting. He is said to have invited Robert and 
Alexander Barr, both Scotchmen, brothers, in order to construct at his 
works in East Bridgewater machinery for carding, roving, and spin- 
ning cotton." 

In the " Memoirs of Samuel Slater " is given in full the petition of 
Thomas Somers, said to have been a midshipman in the English Navy, 
which was presented to the Legislature of Massachusetts about the 
same time, and set forth — " That in the fall of the year 1785, the 
tradesmen and manufacturers of Baltimore in Maryland, having formed 
themselves into an association, in order to apply to the Legislature in 
behalf of American manufactures, being stimulated thereto by a cir- 
cular letter received from a committee of the tradesmen and manufac- 
turers of the town of Boston : your petitioner, then residing at Balti- 
more (having been formerly brought up to the cotton manufactory, 
and willing to contribute what lay in his power to introduce said 
manufacture in America), did at his own risk and expense go to Eng- 
land in order to procure the machines for carding and spinning cotton. 
That, after much difficulty, your petitioner found that he could only 
take descriptions and models of said engines ; with which he returned 
to Baltimore last summer. Soon after his arrival he found that they 
were very dilatory about encouraging the matter, and with the advice 
of some friends he resolved to try what might be done in Boston, 
That, on his way to Boston, the sloop was driven ashore by the late 
storms on Cape Cod, by which misfortune your petitioner lost almost 
one half the small property he had to subsist on till he could get into 
business. Your petitioner therefore humbly prays for such assistance 
to begin the manufactory as shall seem most agreeable to your hon- 
ors," etc., etc. "K B. Your petitioner is perfect master of the weav- 
ing in the speediest manner, and of adapting to advantage the different 
kinds of yarn for Marseilles quilting, dimity, muslins plain, striped, or 
checked, calico, cotton and linen jeans, jeanettes, handkerchiefs, 
checks, drabs, and many other kinds in that line, and understands the 
management of cotton, and how the spinning should be performed." 

On the 8th of March, 1787, the Legislature of Massachusetts passed 
a resolution appropriating £20 for the purpose of giving Somers " an 
opportunity to give specimens of his ability to perfect the manufac- 
tures, as set forth in his petition " ; to be deposited in the " hands of 
Hon. Hugh Orr, who shall be a committee to superintend the applica- 
tion of the same." 

The same Somers afterward appears in connection with the factory 
at Beverly, Mass., which was also projected in 1787 by Messrs. John 



10 

Cabot and others, and which appears, according to Mr. Batchelder, to 
have been the first one to produce yarn by machinery in the United 
States, as it was undoubtedly in operation some time before 1789. 
There seems to be no doubt that the machinery built at Bridgewater 
was the first on the Arkwright plans, but it does not seem to have 
been put in practical operation ; and the probability is that the spin- 
ning at Beverly was done on the Hargreaves " Jenny." 

Finding the construction of the machinery very difficult and ex- 
pensive and the prospects discouraging, the proprietors applied to the 
Legislature for aid, which was granted by the following resolve, 
February 17, 1789 : " Be it resolved. That there be granted, and there 
is hereby granted accordingly, and conveyed to John Cabot, Joshua 
Fisher, Henry Higginson, Moses Brown, George Cabot, Andrew 
Cabot, Israel Thorndike, Isaac Chapman, and Deborah Cabot, they 
being members of the said corporation, the value of five hundred 
pounds, lawful money in specie, to be paid in the eastern lands, the 
property of this commonwealth," etc., the lands being assigned in dif- 
ferent proportions, from one fortieth part to ten fortieths parts, to the 
above named proprietors ; conditional, however, on the manufacture 
within the next seven years of " a quantity of not less than 50,000 
yards of cotton and linen piece goods, of a quality usually imported 
into this commonwealth," of which a true record was to be kept and a 
fair copy lodged in the office of the Secretary of State, verified by the 
oath of at least two of the proprietors ; and failing which the lands 
were to revert to the commonwealth, unless the said corporation should 
pay to the Treasurer of the Commonwealth £500 in gold or silver 
within eight years from the passage of the resolve. At the same ses- 
sion of the Legislature an act was passed incorporating the aforesaid 
parties, including Thomas Somers, as the "Beverly Manufacturing 
Company," and authorizing them to hold personal property to the 
amount of £80,000 and real estate to the amount of £10,000. 

In June, 1790, the same parties presented another petition, signed 
by John Cabot and Joshua Fisher, managers, representing " that they 
had expended about £4,000, and that the present value of their stock 
was not equal to £2,000, and that a further very considerable advance- 
ment is absolutely necessary ; that the intended aid by a grant of land 
made by a former Legislature has not in any degree answered the 
purpose of it ; and pray that in lieu of that grant some real and ready 
assistance may be afforded them." 

" The petitioners state, as one of the public advantages to be de- 
rived from the manufacture of cotton, that the raw material is pro- 
cured from the "West Indies, in exchange for fish, ' the most valuable 
export in possession of the State.' They also mention the extraordi- 



11 

nary cost of machines, intricate and difficult in their construction, 
without any model in the country, and instance a carding machine 
that cost $1,100." The Legislature voted them " a grant of £1,000, 
to be raised in a lottery, on condition that they give bonds that the 
money be actually appropriated in such a way as will most effectually 
promote the manufacturing of cotton piece goods in this common- 
wealth." Mr. Batchelder then quotes from Washington's diary as 
follows : 

" Friday, October 30, 1789. After passing Beverly two miles, we 
came to a cotton manufactory, which seems to be carrying on with 
spirit by the Cabots (principally). In this manufactory they have the 
new invented carding and spinning machines. One of the first sup- 
plies the work, and four of the latter, one of which spins 84 threads at 
a time by one person. The cotton is prepared for these machines by 
being first (lightly) drawn to a thread on the common wheel. There 
is also another machine for doubling and twisting the thread for par- 
ticular cloths ; this also does many at a time. For winding the cot- 
ton from the spindles and preparing it for the warp there is a reel, 
which expedites the work greatly." " A number of looms (15 or 16) 
were at work with spring shuttles, which do more than double 
work. In short, the whole seemed perfect and the cotton stuffs 
which they turn out excellent of their kind — warp and filling both 
of cotton." 

This factory was built of brick, and continued in operation for sev- 
eral years, and was driven by horse-power, and appears to have been, 
by the above extract, indisputably the earliest enterprise carried into 
execution in this country. 

A great deal of interest was also manifested in Philadelphia at the 
same period on the subject of manufactures, and Tench Coxe, who 
was Assistant Secretary of the Treasury under Hamilton, delivered an 
address August 9, 1787, to an assembly of the friends of American 
manufactures, convened for the purpose of establishing a " Society for 
the Encourageynent of the Useful Arts.'''' 

Mr. Samuel Wetherill, Jr., as chairman, signed a report of the 
managers of the society in August, 1788, by which it appears that the 
amount of cash received from the contributors on the 23d of August 
was £1,327 10s. Qd. ; that they had pvirchased a quantity of flax, and 
employed between two and three hundred women in spinning linen 
yarn, and also engaged workmen to make a carding engine, and four 
jennies, of 40, 44, 60, and 80 spindles, for spinning cotton ; that as 
soon as the season would permit the house to be fitted up, they were 
set to work, but, owing to various delays and obstructions thrown in 
their way by foreign agents, it was the 12th of April, 1788, before they 



12 

began to weave, and on the 23d of August, 1788, they had made 
11,367 yards of various kinds of cotton and linen goods. 

Mr. Wetherill had been engaged in manufacturing for some years, 
as appears by his advertisement in the "Pennsylvania Gazette" of 
April 3, 1782, of : 

" Philadelphia Manufactures, suitable for every season of the year, 
viz.: Jeans, Fustians, Everlastings, Coatings, etc., to be sold by the 
subscriber at his dwelling-house and manufactory, in South Alley, be- 
tween Market Street and Arch Street, and between Fifth and Sixth 
Streets, on Hudson's Square. Samuel Wetherill." 

The manufacturers of Rhode Island were also turning their atten- 
tion to the new machinery at this time, as will be seen by the follow- 
ing account, furnished by William Anthony, which I copy from the 
memoir of Slater : 

" About the year 1788 Daniel Anthony, Andrew Dexter, and Lewis 
Peck, all of Providence, entered into an agreement to make what was 
then called ' homespun cloth.' The idea at first was to spin by hand, 
and make jeans with linen warp and cotton filling, but, hearing that 
Mr. Orr, of Bridge water, Mass., had imported some models of machin- 
ery from England for the purpose of spinning cotton, it was agreed 
that Daniel Anthony should go to Bridgewater and get a draught of 
the model of said machine ; he, in company with John Reynolds, of 
East Greenwich, who had been doing something in the manufacturing 
of wool, went to Bridgewater and found the model of the machine 
spoken of in possession of Mr. Orr, but not in operation. It was not 
the intention of Mr. Orr to operate it, but he only kept it for the in- 
spection of those who might have an inclination to take draughts. 
The model of the machine was very imperfect, and was said to be 
taken from one of the first built in England. A draught of the ma- 
chine was accordingly taken, and laid aside after a while. They then 
proceeded to build a machine of a different construction called a 
jenny ; I understood that a model of this machine was brought from 
England into Beverly, Mass., by a man of the name of Somers. This 
jenny had 28 spindles ; the woodwork was built by Richard Anthony ; 
the spindles and brasswork were made by Daniel Jackson, an ingenious 
coppersmith of Providence. This jenny was finished in 1789. It was 
first set up in a private house, and afterward removed to the market- 
house chamber in Providence, and operated there. Joshua Lindly, of 
Providence, was then engaged to build a carding machine, for carding 
the cotton agreeably to the draught presented, also obtained from 
Beverly. This machine was something similar to the one now used 



13 

for carding wool, the cotton being taken off the machine in rolls, and 
roped by hand ; after some delay this machine was finished. They 
then proceeded to build a spinning frame after the draught obtained 
at Bridgewater. This machine was something similar to the water 
frame now in use, but very imperfect ; it consisted of 8 heads of 4 
spindles each, being 32 spindles in all, and was operated by a crank 
turned by hand. The first head was made by John Baily, an inge- 
nious clock-maker of Pembroke, Mass. ; the other seven heads were 
made by Daniel Jackson, of Providence. The woodwork was made 
by Joshua Lindly. In 1788 Joseph Alexander and James McKennis, 
natives of Scotland, arrived in Providence, both being weavers and 
understanding the use of the fly-shuttle ; they were engaged to weave 
corduroy, Mr. Alexander to weave a piece in Providence, and Mr. 
McKennis went to East Greenwich to work there. A loom was ac- 
cordingly built after the direction of Mr. Alexander, and put in opera- 
tion in the market-house chamber ; this was the first fly-shuttle ever 
used in Rhode Island, A piece of corduroy was then woven, the warp 
being linen and the filling cotton, but, as there was no person to be 
found who could cut the corduroy and raise the pile which makes the 
ribs on the face of the cloth, and give it the finish, it was thought best 
to abandon that kind of cloth. Mr. Alexander went to Philadelphia. 
Mr. McKennis continued to work in Greenwich for some years. This 
appears to be the beginning of the jenny-spinning in Rhode Island, 
and undoubtedly originated with the above company. 

" The spinning frame (the one attempted from the State's model), 
after being tried some time in Providence, was carried to Pawtucket 
and attached to a wheel propelled by water. The work of the ma- 
chine was too laborious to be done by hand, and the machine was too 
imperfect to be turned by water. Soon after this the machine was 
sold to Mr. Moses Brown, of Providence, but, as all the carding and 
roping was done by hand, it was very imperfect, and but little could 
be done. This was the situation of cotton manufacturing in Rhode 
Island when Mr. Samuel Slater arrived in this country , then all this 
imperfect machinery was thrown aside, and machinery more perfect 
built under his direction." 

This statement is confirmed by Joseph Anthony, the son of the 
Daniel Anthony above mentioned. The Mr. Moses Brown to whom the 
water frame was sold was a partner of the firm of Almy & Brown, 
who were about commencing the business of what was strictly cotton 
manufacturing^ the yarn being spun and the cloth woven by manual 
labor. 

A statement of their production from the commencement, June 
11, 1789, to January 1, 1791, shows : 



14 



Corduroy 45 pieces, 1,090 yards, sold from 3s. Gd. to 4s. per yard. 

Denims, royal ribs, etc 25 " 558 " " 3s. to 4s. " 

Cottonets 13 " 325 " " 2s. Gd. to 3s. " 

Jeans 79 " 1,897 " " 2s. to 2s. Gd. " 

Fustians 26 " 687 " " Is. Si. to 2s. " 

Total 189 4,556 

With this summary of the progress of the cotton manufacture and 
its condition in 1789, I will close this chapter, and in the next will 
introduce Samuel Slater, whose arrival in the United States with the 
necessary information marks the era of positive and decided progress. 



15 



CHAPTER III. 

The following brief account of himself, found among Mr. Slater's 
papers, forms a fitting opening to this chapter : 

" Samuel Slater was born in the town of Belper, in the county of 
Derby, June 19, 1768. On June 28, 1782, being about fourteen years 
of age, he went to live with Jedediah Strutt, Esq., in Milford, near 
Belper (the inventor of the Derby ribbed stocking machine and several 
years a partner of Sir Richard Arkwright in the spinning business), as 
a clerk, who was then building a large factory at Milford, where said 
Slater continued until August, 1789. During four or five of the last 
years his time was solely devoted to the factory as general overseer, 
both as respected making machinery and the manufacturing depart- 
ment. On the first day of September, 1789, he took his departure 
from Derbyshire for London, and on the 13th he sailed for New York, 
where he arrived in November, after a passage of sixty-six days. He 
left New York in January, 1790, for Providence, and there made an 
arrangement with Messrs. Alray & Brown to commence preparation for 
spinning cotton at Pawtucket. 

" On the 18th day of the same month the venerable Moses Brown 
took him out to Pawtucket, where he commenced making the machin- 
ery, principally with his own hands, and on the 20th day of December 
following he started three cards, drawing and roving, and 72 spindles, 
which were worked by an old fulling-mill water-wheel in a clothier's 
building, in which they continued spinning about twenty months ; at 
the expiration of which time they had several thousand pounds of yarn 
on hand, notwithstanding every exertion was made to weave it up and 
sell it. Early in the year 1793 Alray, Brown & Slater built a small 
factory in that village (known and called to this day the old factory), 
in which they set in motion July 12 the preparation and 72 spindles, 
and slowly added to that number as the sales of the yarn appeared 
more promising, which induced said Slater to be concerned in erecting 
a new mill, and to increase the machinery in the old mill." 

Slater's motive for leaving England is said to have been his observ- 
ing in a Philadelphia paper an advertisement of a reward offered by a 
10 



16 

society for a machine to make cotton rollers, etc. This convinced 
him that there was an opportunity to turn his knowledge to account in 
this country, and, fearing that the cotton business " icould he overdone " 
in England, he resolved to emigrate. As the laws of England prohib- 
iting the exportation of machinery were very severe, he took no pat- 
terns or drawings of any kind with him, trusting solely to his excel- 
lent memory, and relying for an introduction on his indenture as an 
apprentice to Jedediah Strutt, Landing in New York, he was intro- 
duced to the " New York Manufacturing Company," and entered their 
employment ; but, not liking the prospects which were opened to him, 
and hearing through the captain of one of the Providence packets of 
Moses Brown, he wrote to him, with the result above stated. The 
old machinery, which, as has been related, Mr. Brown had purchased, 
was first shown him, but condemned by him at once as unsatisfactory, 
and he immediately commenced building a new set. 

With the introduction of the improved machinery by Slater, the 
manufacture of cotton in the United States may be said to have fairly 
commenced, and some of the first yarn, said to have been as fine as 
No. 40, with some of the first cloth made from the same warp, was 
sent to the Secretary of the Treasury October 15, 1791, 

He, however, found great difticulty in procuring proper meclbianical 
assistance to build the machinery from his instructions, and his great- 
est perplexity was in making the cards, for which purpose he em- 
ployed Pliny Earle, of Worcester, who had never before made machine 
cards, but finally succeeded in accomplishing the desired result ; and 
the demand for cards which was created by the success of the new 
manufacture resulted in the invention of the card-setting machine by 
Amos Whittemore, of Cambridge, in 1797, and its subsequent intro- 
duction in England in 1799, This, however, must be considered as 
only the second great American invention relating to the manufacture 
of cotton, the first having been the cotton gin, which was the inven- 
tion of Eli Whitney in 1793, 

This leads us to the consideration of another branch of the subject, 
viz., the adequate supply of the raw material in proper condition for 
manufacture. 

The First Provincial Congress in South Carolina, held in January, 
1775, recommended to the inhabitants " to raise cotton," yet very little 
practical attention was paid to their recommendation, A small quan- 
tity only was raised for domestic manufactures, Georgia took the 
lead in this culture, and the introduction of the new machines and the 
consequent demand greatly promoted it. We find in " Baines's History 
of Cotton Manufacture " the export from the United States in 1791 
given as 189,316 lbs,; and in 1792 as 138,328 lbs.; in 1793, 487,600 : 



]7 

and in 1794, after the invention of the gin, it rose to 1,601,700 l"bs., 
and thenceforward the increase was constant and rapid. 

Cotton had been produced for a long time in small quantities in 
several of the Southern States, and the following extract from a pam- 
phlet by Dr. G. Emerson, of Philadelphia, entitled " Cotton in the 
Middle States," published in 1862, which I copy from Mr. Batchelder, 
is worthy of introduction in this place : 

" Long before the Southern States took up its regular Culture, cot- 
ton was raised on the eastern shore of Maryland, lower counties of 
Delaware, and other places in the Middle States, As early as 1736, 
and for some time after, it was chiefly regarded as an ornamental 
plant, and confined to gardens ; but it soon became appreciated for its 
useful qualities, and was brought under regular cultivation. This cul- 
ture, though comparatively limited in those places, has never been 
entirely abandoned up to the present day. I have myself seen many 
families who came from Sussex County, Delaware, to reside in the 
adjoining county of Kent, wearing clothes made of cotton of their own 
raising, spinning, and weaving. The culture of cotton in this section 
of our country gradually diminished, in consequence of the vast area 
over which the plant was extended in more southern States. In com- 
petition with these, our more northern farmers found they possessed 
superior advantages for raising other field-crops, from which they 
derived greater profits," 

" Limited as has been the culture of cotton on the peninsula be- 
tween the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, it has furnished a demon- 
stration of the highest importance to our country. In proof of this it 
may be stated that at the close of the Revolution a convention was 
held at Annapolis, in 1786, to consider what means could be best re- 
sorted to for the purpose of remedying the embarrassment of the coun- 
try, then so much exhausted in its finances. 

" The late President Madison, a member of this convention from 
Virginia, there expressed it as his opinion, ' that, from the results of 
cotton raising in Talbot County, Maryland, and numerous other 
proofs furnished in Virginia, there was no reason to doubt that the 
United States woxdd one day become a great cotton-producing coun- 
try ! ' It would hence appear that the first culture of cotton in the 
United States worthy of notice was made in the peninsula between the 
Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, from whence it crossed into Western 
Maryland and Virginia, and so went southward." 

It would, however, appear, as shown by the following letter, that 
the first cotton received by Messrs. Slater & Brown was so imperfectly 
cleaned as to be of small comparative value, and we find that, when 
they first began to spin, they used Cayenne and Surinam cotton, but 



18 

after a few years they began to mix about one third of Southern cot- 
ton, and this yarn was designated as second quality and sold at a price 
accordingly. 

On the 19th of April, 1791, Moses Brown writes to the proprietors 
of the Beverly factory as follows : 

" I have for some time thought of addressing the Beverly manu- 
facturers on the subject of an application to Congress for some encour- 
agement to the cotton manufacture by an additional duty on the cot- 
ton goods imported, and the a^jplying such duty as a bounty, partly for 
raising and saving cotton in the Southern States, of a quality and 
cleanness suitable to he wrought hy machines, and partly as a bounty 
on cotton goods of the kind manufactured in the United States." 

On the 15th of November, 1791, Mr. Brown writes to J. S. Dexter 
on the same subject as follows : 

" Protidence, November 15, 1791. 
"When it is considered that cotton, the raw material, may be 
raised in the United States, it shows that legislative attention should 
be paid to this subject. The cotton raised at present in the Southern 
States is as imperfect as our manufactured goods. This, I presume, 
is owing to the promiscuous gathering and saving of the article from 
the pods in which it grows, some of which, like fruit on a tree, are 
fair and full grown, while others are not. In the picking of these, 
and in taking the cotton out of the pods, care should be taken that it 
be kept separate, and the thin membrane which lines the pod, and 
sometimes comes off with the cotton, should be separated, and the 
clean, full grown preserved to work on the machines ; the other will 
answer to work by hand. But, as the cotton must be clean before it 
works well on the card, the present production, in the mixed manner 
in which it is brought to market, does not answer a good purpose. 
The unripe, short, and dirty part, being enveloped with that which 
would be good if separated properly at first, so spoils the whole as to 
discourage the use of it in the machines, and obliges the manufacturer 
to have his supply from the West Indies, imder the charge of the im- 
post, rather than work our own production — a circumstance truly mor- 
tifying to those who, from motives of promoting the produce and 
manufactures of our own country, as well as from interest, have been 
at much expense and trouble to promote so desirable an object. I 
therefore beg leave to suggest the idea of some encouragement to the 
raising and saving of cotton, clean and fit for the manufacturers." 

The relief from these difficulties was soon provided by the ingenu- 
ity of Eli Whitney. 



1.9 

Born at Westboro, Worcester County, Mass., December 8, 1763, he 
developed indications of mechanical genius at a very early age. When 
twelve years old he "made a fiddle," in his sister's words, and after 
that he was often employed to repair violins. By his own personal 
exertions he jjrepared himself for Yale College, which he entered in 
May, 1780, and through which he passed with little expense to his fa- 
ther. On one occasion he repaired the philosophical apparatus belong- 
ing to the college, to the great satisfaction of the Faculty. 

Soon after taking his degree in the autumn of 1792, he formed an 
engagement with a gentleman of Georgia to reside in his family as a 
tutor, and on his way thither was so fortunate as to fall into the com- 
pany of the widow of General Greene, who with her family was re- 
turning to Savannah after spending a summer at the North. On 
arriving in Georgia, he found that the gentleman who had engaged 
him had employed another tutor, leaving him entirely without re- 
sources or friends, except those he had made in the family of General 
Greene. The interest he had excited in them, however, led to a kind 
invitation from Mrs. Greene to make her house his home, and there 
pursue his studies, which he accepted, and commenced the study of 
law under her hospitable roof. 

Turning his mechanical ingenuity to account, he soon made for 
Mrs. Greene a tambour frame ; and not long after this incident a 
party of gentlemen, principally ofiicers who had served under General 
Greene in the Revolutionary war, came from Augusta and the upper 
country on a visit to the family. 

The conversation turned one day on the state of agriculture among 
them, and great regret was expressed that there were no means of 
cleaning the green-seed cotton or separating it from its seed, since all 
the lands which were unsuitable for the culture of rice would yield 
large crops of cotton. 

During this conversation Mrs. Greene said, " Gentlemen, apply to 
my young friend Mr. Whitney ; he can make anything." She then 
led the company to another room, and showed them the tambour 
frame which he had made, and also a number of toys which he had 
made or repaired for the children, and then introduced them to Mr. 
Whitney himself. 

Mr. Whitney disclaimed all pretension to mechanical genius, and 
said that he had never seen either cotton or cotton seed in his life ; 
but a new turn was given to his views, and he went to Savannah, and 
searched the warehouses and boats till he found a small parcel of cot- 
ton in the seed. This he took home with him, and commenced his 
experiments with such rude tools as he could find, even drawing his 
own wire, of which the teeth of the first gins were composed. 



20 

The ensuing winter saw the new machine completed, and Mrs. 
Greene invited to her house a number of gentlemen from different 
parts of the State to witness the new invention. They saw with 
astonishment and delight that more cotton could be separated from 
the seed with it in one day, by the labor of a single hand, than could 
be done in the former manner in many months. 

Phineas Miller, Esq., a native of Connecticut and a graduate of 
Yale College, who married the widow of General Greene, contributed 
much to the success of the undertaking. He provided the funds to 
carry out the enterprise, and the parties agreed to share the profits 
and emoluments resulting by an instrument bearing date May 27, 
1793. Immediately after this they commenced business under the 
name of Miller & Whitney. On the 25th of June, 1793, Whitney 
presented his petition for a patent to Thomas Jefferson, then Secretary 
of State, and on the 20th of October in the same year he made oath to 
his invention before the Notary Public of the city of New Haven. 

Of his long and tedious struggles with the horde who grasped at 
his invention, without any remunei'ation to him, of the almost endless 
litigations and disappointments which followed, I have neither the 
time nor the space to speak here ; it is sufficient for our present pur- 
pose that the invention was made, the supply of the raw material to 
the Northern manufacturers assured, to say nothing of the wants of 
Europe, and the destiny of the Southern States of the Union fixed for 
a century at least. Next on the roll of inventors to Arkwright, in 
point of time as well as importance in the history of the cotton manu- 
facture, stands Eli Whitney, the first American who is distinguished 
in that connection. Next in order to Whitney comes Whittemore, 
already mentioned, whose machine for setting card clothing is often 
selected as an example of the perfection of mechanical automa-. 
tism. This was soon adopted by Pliny Earle, whose nephews still 
carry on the business of making card clothing in Worcester, under 
the firm name of Timothy K. Earle & Co. This closes the period of 
distinct invention for the century, and, although many small modifica- 
tions and improvements may have been made, we shall find little to 
note except the growth of the now established business of " cotton 
spinning " until the War of 1812, the introduction of the power loom, 
and the building of the first mill at Waltham for combining all the 
processes of making cloth under one roof. Meanwhile we will devote 
another chapter to notices of the extension of the business, which was 
very rapid, and which spread to various parts of the country during 
the intervening period. 



21 



CHAPTER IV. 

In 1798 Samuel Slater entered into partnership with Oziel Wilkin- 
son, Timothy Green, and William Wilkinson, the two latter as well as 
himself having married daughters of Oziel Wilkinson. He built the 
second mill on the east side of Pawtucket River, called the " White 
Mill," in what was then the town of Rehoboth, within the limits of 
Massachusetts, and an act was passed by the Massachusetts Legisla- 
ture in 1799 exempting the said mill, together with the materials and 
stock, from taxation for seven years from April 1, 1800. 

The firm was known as Samuel Slater & Co., he holding one half 
the stock. 

" Until this time " (according to Mr. Batchelder) " the business had 
been confined to Slater and his associates, but soon after this it is stated 
that several of his men who had become acquainted with the construc- 
tion of his machinery left his employment, and commenced the erection 
of mills for themselves or other parties. Mr. Benjamin S. Wolcott 
was employed by Mr. Slater in the construction of his first mill. After 
acquiring sufficient knowledge of the business, he united with Rufus 
and Elisha Waterman for the purpose of erecting a cotton factory in 
Cumberland about 1801. The machinery was afterward removed to 
Central Falls, a short distance above Pawtucket, and a new company 
formed, with the addition of Mr. Stephen Jenks. 

Another of his workmen, by the name of Robbins, commenced a 
mill in New Ipswich, which was put in operation in 1804 ; being the 
first cotton mill built in New Hampshire. 

B. S. Wolcott, Jr., was employed in one of the early mills at Paw- 
tucket ; a second one, known as the " Yellow Mill," having been built 
in 1805, under an act exempting it from all taxes for five years ; and 
with the assistance of his father, in 1807 or 1808, built the first cotton 
mill in Oneida County, New York, four miles west of Utica, 

Some years later Mr. Wolcott, associated with Benjamin and Jo- 
seph Marshall, formerly English merchants in New York, built the 
"New York Mills." 

Meanwhile the attention of other parts of the country was being 
drawn to the subject, and the Society for the Establishment of Useful 



22 

Manufactures in New Jersey was organized at New Brunswick, No- 
vember 22, 1791. In May, 1792, the society selected the falls of the 
Passaic as the site of their operations, and named their town Paterson 
after the governor who signed their charter. At a meeting of the di- 
rectors at the Godwin Hotel July 4th, they made appropriations for 
building factories, machine-shops, and print-works, and a raceway was 
directed to be made for bringing the water from above the falls to the 
proposed mills. Unfortunately the direction of their water-power was 
given to Major L'Enfant, a French engineer, and the same one who 
laid out the city of Washington, and his gigantic schemes, reaching 
from above the falls to tide- water, proved far beyond the means of the 
company, so that in 1793 the business was put in charge of Peter 
Colt, then Comptroller of the State of Connecticut, who completed the 
raceways, abandoning the outlet to tidewater, and built a factory in 
which they commenced spinning cotton yarn in 1794 ; and during the 
years 1795 and '96 much yarn was spun, and several species of cotton 
fabrics were made. But not succeeding financially, they resolved in 
July, 1796, to discontinue the manufacture, and discharged the work- 
men. This result was produced by a variety of causes. Nearly 
£50,000 had been lost by the failure of parties to certain bills of ex- 
change purchased by the company to buy in England plain cloths for 
printing ; large sums had been wasted by the engineers ; and the ma- 
chinists and manufacturers imported were presumptuous, and ignorant 
of many branches of the business they engaged to conduct. The cot- 
ton mill of the company was subsequently leased to individuals, who 
continued to spin candle-wicks and coarse yarn until 1807, when it was 
accidentally burned, and was never rebuilt. 

Between 1801 and 1814 several mill-seats were leased to other par- 
ties, and in 1814 Mr. Roswell L. Colt purchased at a low price a large 
proportion of the shares, and reanimated the association, since when 
the growth of Paterson has been steady, though largely in other direc- 
tions than that of cotton manufacturing. Still, much cotton ma- 
chinery and many valuable inventions have been produced there, and 
we shall probably have occasion to refer to it again in due order. At 
present Paterson is distinguished as the chief seat of the silk manufac- 
ture of the United States, and contains several large and important 
locomotive and machine works, as well as the different flax mills of the 
Messrs. Barbour & Brothers. 

William Pollard, of Philadelphia, obtained a patent for cotton 
spinning December 30th, 1791, which was the first water-frame put in 
motion in Pennsylvania. But whether he obtained his patterns direct 
from England, or by the way of Pawtucket, is not certain ; and it is 
doubtful if the machinery was capable of successful operation. At 



23 

any rate, the enterprise failed, while Slater was making his greatest 
profits, and its want of success is said to have retarded the progress of 
cotton-spinning in Philadelphia. 

In 1808 the Globe Factory, with a capital of 880,000, was estab- 
lished in the " Northern Liberties " of Philadelphia by Dr. Redman 
Coxe. 

The Arkwright machinery was also introduced very early at Copps 
Creek, Delaware, by Goodfellow, and also at Kirk Mill, near Wil- 
mington. 

In 1790 a person who had been engaged in the Beverly Factory 
was employed to go to Norwich, Conn., to put in operation some cot- 
ton machinei-y which was understood to be similar to that used at 
Beverly. This machinery is supposed to have been imported by some 
means from England. In 1794 another mill was built in the west part 
of New Haven by John R. Livingston and David Dickson, of Ncav 
York. In 1807 this was converted into a woolen mill, and since into a 
paper mill. In 1806 General Humphrey built a mill at Derby, Conn., 
both for cotton and woolen ; and the same year a company was 
formed, consisting of James, Christie, and William Rhodes, brothers, 
of Pawtucket, Oziel Wilkinson and his five sons, viz., Abraham, Isaac, 
David, Daniel, and Smith Wilkinson, and his two sons-in-law, Timo- 
thy Green and William Wilkinson, with a capital of $60,000, five 
twelfths of which was invested in real estate then known as Congers 
Mills, on the Quinebaug River, and included about one thousand acres 
of lands lying in the adjoining towns of Pomfret, Thompson, and 
Killingiy, in Connecticut. 

In this year also (1806) Samuel Slater sent for his younger brother 
John, who came from England, bringing all the latest improvements 
in the business, and joined with his brother and his partners in build- 
ing a new establishment in Smithfield, R. I., now known as the village 
of Slaters ville. In June, 1806, John Slater took charge of the business 
at this place, under the firm of Almy, Brown & Slaters, and com- 
menced spinning in 1807, managing the business successfully for up- 
ward of fifty years. Samuel Slater's business was now becoming very 
profitable, and he was evidently accumulating property, although his 
salary as superintendent of the two mills at Pawtucket was only 
$1.50 per diem from each mill. 

The second cotton mill in Massachusetts was built on Bass River, 
in Beverly, in 1801, with six water-frames of seventy-two spindles 
each. This machinery was built at Paterson, N. J., by a man named 
Clark, who came to Beverly to put it in operation. This mill was un- 
successful, from insuflicient water-power and other causes, and contin- 
ued in operation but two or three years. 



24 

In 1805 the first factory established at Beverly, having sunk half 
its capital, suspended operation. 

The return of exports for this year shows of Sea Island cotton 
8,787,659 lbs., and of other kinds 29,602,428 lbs., and the quantity 
manufactured in the United States is said to have been 1,000 bales, or 
300,000 lbs., as bales then averaged. The prices of yarn at Pawtucket 
were as follows : No. 12, 99 cents per lb.; No. 16, $1.15 per lb.; No. 
20, 11.31 per lb. About this time the first regular cotton factory in 
the State of New York was erected in Union Village, Washington 
County, by William Mowry, who had learned the business at Paw- 
tucket. 

February 27, 1807, an exemption from taxes for five years was 
granted by act of the Legislature of Massachusetts for a cotton mill 
erected at Watertown by Seth Bemis and Jeduthan Faller, and June 
20 of the same year a factory was incorporated at Fitchburg, Mass. ; 
and March 12, 1808, the Norfolk Cotton Factory at Dedham was 
incorporated. A small cotton factory was also established at Pitts- 
burg, Pa., in 1807 ; and Mr. Zachariah Allen estimates the whole 
number of cotton spindles in the United States to have been about 
4,000. 

The second cotton mill in New Hampshire was commenced upon 
the same stream with the first one, the Souhegan River, at New Ips- 
wich, in 1807, and put in operation in 1808 by Seth Nason, Isaac 
Holton, and Samuel Batchelder, containing, like the first mill, about 
500 spindles. In 1805 the Legislature of New Hampshire granted to 
the proprietors of the first mill an exemption from taxes for five years, 
and in 1808 the same to the proprietors of the second mill. 

I here extract from " The Textile " the following from a letter 
from Mr. Batchelder to the editor : " Six or seven years before the 
commencement of weaving by the power loom at Waltham, I was the 
owner, with two or three others, of the second cotton mill that was 
built in New Hampshire, and in order to dispose of my part of the 
prdduct of the mill I undertook to manufacture yarn by the hand 
loom into shirting, gingham, checks, and ticking. At that time al- 
most every farmhouse in the country was furnished with a loom and 
spinning wheels, for manufacturing the ordinary clothing of the fam- 
ily, and most of the females were weavers or spinners, and were very 
willing to undertake to weave such articles as I proposed, in order to 
purchase calicoes and such other goods as they could not manufacture 
themselves. 

" Before the War of 1812 I made a contract with the other owners 
of the mill to purchase the whole of the yarn produced by the mill 
for several years, and extended the business of weaving so that at 



25 

times I had about a hundred weavers in my employ — not constantly 
at work, but as they had leisure from other household employment. 
They came from the neighboring towns for the distance of six or eight 
miles for the yarn and to return the webs. The price for weaving the 
different articles was from three to seven cents per yard. On the 
power loom at the present time the cost would average about one 
cent. I also at this time made an experiment of weaving on the hand 
loom pillow-cases without seams, in the manner which was patented 
many years afterward for weaving bags for grain, which has now be- 
come an extensive business. I continued the business for several 
years after the introduction of the power loom at Waltham, which 
was confined to weaving plain sheetings and shirtings, while most of 
the goods which I made were twilled or checks, such as were not 
woven on the power loom, and consisted in part of dyed yarn of blue 
and other colors. I paid at that time fifty cents per lb. for dyeing a 
fast indigo blue, such as would now cost only seven or eight cents. 

" On looking back at my account books I find that I manufactured 
more than fifty tons of cloth of various kinds by hand looms, which I 
continued till 1825, when I went to Lowell to build the Hamilton 
Mills, where I adopted the power looms for the purpose of weaving 
twilled goods, such as I had formerly made on the hand loom. My 
goods were mostly sold in Boston, after commission houses were 
established for the sale of American goods. Mr. Nathan Appleton 
states, in his ' Account of the Introduction of the Power Loom,' 
that on his first bringing the Waltham sheetings to market (1815) 
there was but one place in Boston where domestic goods were sold ; 
and when, before the War of 1812, I first offered my hand-loom goods 
for sale in Boston, and proposed to consign them to some dry-goods 
merchants, I was told that it would be discreditable for them to under- 
take the sale of American goods, and I had to consign them to retail 
shops in Salem and other places at a limited price, paying a commis- 
sion of ten per cent. At one time such was the demand for goods 
that speculators came from Boston and cleared my shelves of goods at 
the retail price. Ticking, such as would now be worth fifteen to 
twenty cents, then sold for seventy-five cents a yard, and a better arti- 
cle sold regularly for a dollar." 

In December, 1808, the State of New Hampshire, by a general 
law, granted exemption from taxation for five years to those who 
should erect works for the manufacture of cotton, wool, salt, or glass, 
and incorporated a cotton manufactory at Peterborough, and one at 
Exeter. In 1809 were incorporated the second Peterborough cotton 
factory and one in Chesterfield. In 1810 one was incorporated at 
Milford, one at Swanzey, one at Pembroke, and one at Amoskeag 



26 



Falls, being the nucleus from which has grown the present Amoskeag 
Company ; in 1801, one at Walpole, one at Hillsborough, one at Mere- 
dith, and a third at Peterborough. Most of these mills went into oper- 
ation within about a year of the time of incorporation, so that at the 
commencement of the War of 1812 there were probably fifteen cot- 
ton mills in operation in New Hampshire, averaging not more than 
five hundred spindles in each, or not more than six or seven thousand 
in all. The first cotton mill in the State of Maine Avas built at Bruns- 
wick in 1809, and soon after another was erected at Gardiner. 

Tench Coxe, in his report of the census of 1810, gives the number 
of cotton factories as follows : 



New Hampshire 12 

Massachusetts 54 

Rhode Island 28 

Connecticut 14 

Vermont 1 



New York 26 

New Jersey 4 

Pennsylvania 64 

Delaware 3 



Maryland 11 

Ohio 2 

Kentucky 15 

Tennessee 4 



This, however, does not agree with other authorities. 

Dr. Bishop, in his " History of American Manufactures," gives 
eighty-seven mills, which he locates as follows : 

Maine 1 Vermont 4 Maryland 5 

New Hampshire 6 New York 6 Virginia 1 

Massachusetts 15 New Jersey 2 South Carolina 1 

Rhode Island 25 Pennsylvania 4 Georgia 1 

Connecticut 6 Delaware 2 Ohio 1 

Kentucky. . 6 Tennessee 1 



And of these, fourteen were horse mills. 

"These eighty-seven mills were expected to employ a capital of 
14,800,000, and use 3,600,000 lbs. of cotton, worth $720,000. They 
would spin in 1811 2,880,000 lbs. of yarn, worth $3,240,000, and em'- 
ploy 500 men and 3,500 women and children." 

Mr. Batchelder says : " All the factories built before the war of 
1812 were built after the plan first introduced by Slater, with very lit- 
tle modification. His spinning was what was usually denominated the 
water-frame, built in separate sections of eight spindles each ; but be- 
fore 1808, when the second mill was built in New Hampshire, the 
spinning-frame, called the 'throstle,' had been introduced, and was 
adopted in this mill." 

The spread of manufactures, due to the restrictions on the importa- 
tions of goods, and the consequent advance of prices, was now very 
rapid, and in 1812 there were said to be nearly forty cotton mills in 
Rhode Island, with about 30,000 spindles, and about thirty mills in 



27 

Massachusetts, within thirty miles of Providence, with about 18,000 
spindles, amounting in the whole to 48,000 spindles. 

"The war with Great Britain in 1812 raised the price of goods to 
such extravagant rates, and stimulated the building of cotton factories 
to such a degree, that a list of the mills in and near Providence, in- 
cluding a number in Massachusetts at the close of the war, makes the 
number of mills ninety-six, and of spindles 65,264 ; being an average 
of 680 spindles to a mill, eighteen of the whole number having less 
than 300 spindles each, and the largest, that of Almy, Brown & Slater, 
5,170 spindles." 

This brings us to a new era, that of the power loom, and the intro- 
duction of what was known as the " Waltham system," where all the 
processes of manufacturing cloth Avere carried on under the same roof 
and by the same management. 

With the growth of the cotton manufacture there had as a neces- 
sary consequence sprung up shops for building the machinery, and 
skillful mechanics had been trained. Calico printed with engraved 
rollers, and by machinery driven by water-power, was produced by 
Thorp, Siddall & Co., about six miles from Philadelphia, in October, 
1810, and in the same year Alfred Jenks, a pupil and co-laborer with 
Slater, commenced the manufacture of cotton machinery of every de- 
scription at Holmesburg, near Philadelphia, afterward removing to 
Bridesbui'g, where he engaged extensively in the construction of 
looms. 

The era of weaving by power now demands a new chapter, and 
will bring a new set of inventors on the stage. 



28 



CHAPTER V. 

In the following pages I shall have occasion to quote frequently 
from a pamphlet written by the Hon. Nathan Appleton, of Boston, 
and printed in 1858 in Lowell by the " Proprietors of the Locks and 
Canals on Merrimac River," as well as from the authorities previously 
mentioned, commencing with the following summary of the most reli- 
able facts in the history of the power loom as given by Mr. Batchel- 
der : " The first attempt to weave by machinery was made by M. de 
Gennes. His loom is described in the ' Philosophical Transactions ' in 
the year 1700. About 1765 a weaving factory driven by water was 
built by Mr. Garside, of Manchester. It was furnished with 'swivel 
looms,' probably those invented by M. Vaucanson, and described in the 
' Encyclopedie Muthodique.' It was worked for a considerable time, 
but with no advantage, one man being required for each loom." 

The prototype of the present loom, however, was the loom invented 
by the Rev. Edmond Cartwright, an English clergyman, for which he 
secured his first patent April, 1785. In his own words, " This being 
done, I then condescended to see how other people wove, and you will 
guess my astonishment when I compared their easy modes of operation 
with mine. Availing myself, however, of what I then saw, I made a 
loom, in its general principles, nearly as they are now made, but it was 
not until the year 1787 that I completed my invention, when I took 
out my last weaving patent, in August of that year." 

A weaving factory was built at Doncaster, under Arkwright's li- 
cense, by some of his friends, but was unsuccessful, and another estab- 
lishment at Manchester, containing 500 looms, was built by Mr. Grim- 
shaw in 1790, but was destroyed by a mob. The invention, however, 
overcame all opposition, and at the time of Cartwright's death it was 
estimated that power looms were performing the labor of 200,000 men. 

Another loom was invented by a Mr. Austin, of Glasgow, in 1789, 
and put in operation in 1798, but with what success is not known. 

Patents were obtained for power looms by Robert Miller in 1796, 
and by Toad, of Bolton, in 1803. Mr. Horrocks, of Stockport, took 
patents for a power loom in 1803 and 1805, and for further improve- 



29 

ments in 1815. This seems to have been the first really successful 
loom, and has now become of general use, as the crank or " Scotch " 
loom. Great difficulty was, however, experienced in preparing the 
yarn so as to produce a warp which could be woven by power ; but 
the desii-ed result was attained by William Radcliffe, of Stockport, and 
Thomas Johnson, of Bredbury, who in 1804 patented the " dressing- 
machine," and also took out patents for improvements in the loom, 
taking up the cloth as woven by the motion of the lathe. Horrocks 
and Radcliffe, like nearly all inventors, failed financially, which re- 
tarded the adoption of their inventions, so that in 1813 it was supposed 
that not more than 100 dressing-machines and 2,400 looms were in 
operation in Great Britain. Still these were enough to alarm the hand- 
loom weavers, who, attributing to machinery the distress arising fx'om 
the American war and the " Orders in Council," broke all the looms set 
up at Middleton, West Houghton, and other jDlaces. (Baines's " His- 
tory of the Cotton Manufacture," etc.) 

Mr. Batchelder says that a loom was built at Exeter, N. H., by T. 
M. Murphy in 1806, and experimented with for three years, and ex- 
periments were also made at Dorchester and Dedham, Mass., between 
1806 and 1809, but were not sufiiciently successful to take the place of 
hand-weaving. 

"In the year 1811," says Mr. Appleton, "I met my friend, Mr, 
Francis C. Lowell, at Edinburgh, where he had been passing some 
time with his family. We had frequent conversations on the subject 
of the cotton manufacture, and he informed me that he had determined 
before his return to America to visit Manchester for the purpose of 
obtaining all possible information on the subject, with a view to the 
introduction of the improved manufacture in the United States. I 
urged him to do so, and promised him my cooperation. He returned 
home, and in 1813 came to me on the Boston Exchange one day, with 
Mr. Patrick T. Jackson, and stated that they had purchased a water- 
power in Waltham (Bemis's paper-mill), and that they had obtained 
an act of incorporation, and Mr. Jackson had agreed to give up all 
other business, and take the management of the concern." Mr. Jack- 
son was the brother-in-law of Mr. Lowell, and from a memoir of him 
published in 1858 in Hunt's "Merchant's Magazine," by John A. Low- 
ell, Esq., of Boston, I extract the following : 

" Mr. Lowell had just returned to this country in 1812, after a long 
visit to England and Scotland. While abroad he had conceived the 
idea that the cotton manufacture, then almost monopolized by Great 
Britain, might be advantageously prosecuted here. The use of ma- 
chinery was daily sujaerseding the former manual operations, and it 
was known that power looms had recently been introduced, though the 



30 

mode of constructing them had been kept secret. The cheapness of 
labor and abundance of capital were advantages in favor of the Eng- 
lish manufacturers ; they had skill and reputation. On the other 
hand, they were burdened with the taxes of a prolonged war. We 
could obtain the raw material cheaper, and had a great superiority in 
the abundant water-power, then unemployed, in every part of New 
England." " So confident was he in his calculations that he thought 
he could in no way so effectually assist the fortunes of his relative, 
Mr. Jackson, as by offering him a share in the enterprise." Mr. Jack- 
son had been engaged in the Calcutta trade, which was prostrated by 
the war, and gladly took hold of the new enterprise. 

The difficulties were very great. The war precluded all communi- 
cation with England. Neither books, designs, nor models could be 
procured ; everything had, as it were, to be reinvented ; and the pow- 
er loom was the first thing to be accomplished. " In England it had 
been invented by a clergyman : why not here by a merchant ? " 

After numerous trials, they succeeded in the autumn of 1812 in 
producing a model which was so satisfactory that they engaged the 
services of Mr. Paul Moody, of Amesbury, a well-known and skillful 
mechanic, to aid in the construction of a mill for weaving cotton 
cloth. The first project was for a weaving-mill exclusively, but it w;as 
found that it would be more economical to spin the yarn than to buy 
it, and they put up a mill with about 1,700 spindles, which was com- 
pleted late in 1813. This was probably the first mill in the world that 
combined all the operations for converting the raw cotton into finished 
cloth. 

Great difficulty was at first experienced at Waltham for the want 
of a proper machine for preparing the warps. They procured from 
England a drawing of Horrocks's dressing machine, which they altered 
and very much improved, producing the " dresser," which has till re- 
cently been of general use in this country. No plan, however, was 
shown in this drawing for putting the yarn on the section beams, and 
to supply this deficiency Mr. Moody invented the warper. 

The " stop motion," to indicate the breaking of any of the threads 
on the warper, was also invented at "Waltham by Jacob Perkins, the 
inventor of the present system of bank-note engraving on steel, and 
other ingenious inventions. Other great improvements were made. 
Mr. Appleton says : "The greatest improvement was in the 'double- 
speeder.' The original fly frame or roving frame introduced from 
England was without any fixed principle for regulating the changing 
movements necessary in the process of filling a spool. Mr. Lowell 
undertook to make the numerous mathematical calculations necessary 
to give accuracy to these complicated movements, which occupied him 



31 

constantly for more than a week, Mr. Moody carried them into effect 
by constructing the machinery in conformity. Several trials at law 
were afterward had about this patent, involving, among other ques- 
tions, one whether a mathematical calculation could be the subject of 
a patent." The last great improvements consisted in giving a more 
slack twist to the yarn spun for filling on the throstle, and in spinning 
it directly on the shuttle "quill" without the process of winding. 
Mr. Lowell and Mr. Moody went to Taunton to purchase a filling- 
winder, the patent of which was owned by Mr. Shepherd, of that 
place, having previously tried one made by Mr. Stowell, of Worcester. 
Mr. Lowell tried to get a reduction in price from Mr. Shepherd, which 
he refused, telling them that " they must have the machines, as they 
could not do without them," when Mr. Moody remarked that " he was 
just thinking that he could spin the filling direct upon the bobbin." 
Mr. Lowell, who perceived the practicability of doing this, dropped 
the subject, and after some further conversation they took leave. On 
their return, Mr. Lowell told Mr. Moody that he must accomplish the 
plan he had suggested, and the invention of the " filling frame " was 
the result. This has been of late years superseded to a great extent 
by the mule ; but, since the recent improvements in ring-spinning, the 
motions have been applied to the ring-frame, and it has been proved 
that the coarser numbers of yarn, say below No. 20, can be spun 
cheaper in this way than on the mule. 

A similar jesting remark also led to the adoption of soapstone for 
the rollers in the dressing-frame, instead of wood, which swelled and 
warped so much with the moisture of the size that they would not 
work properly. 

Mr. Moody's brother suggested to him the use of a " soapstone " 
mold in which to cast some " pewter " rollers. Mr. Moody took the 
hint in a manner different from what was intended, and made the roll- 
ers themselves of soapstone. 

Mr. Lowell's loom was different in several particulars from the 
English loom, the principal one being that the lathe was driven by an 
eccentric cam instead of a crank, which has now been generally substi- 
tuted for the cam motion, and some other improvements have been in- 
troduced. 

With the success of the new machinery, there was no difficulty 
in raising the capital of $400,000 required to carry out the scheme 
at Waltham. A charter, under the name of the Boston Manufac- 
turing Company, was obtained, and the full water-power utilized, and 
$200,000 additional were afterward raised for the purchase of the 
adjoining property in Watertown. 

With the mechanical success of Waltham, and the adoption of the 
11 



32 

new system, which long went by its name, came other great changes, 
which were equally the result of the foresight and sagacity as well as 
the philanthropy of Mr. Lowell ; and I can not better express them 
than by the following quotation from the memoir of Mr. Jackson, 
above referred to. 

" It is not surprising that Mr. Lowell should have felt great satis- 
faction at the result of his labors. In the establishment of the cotton 
manufacture in its present form, he and his early colleagues have done 
a service not only to New England, but to the whole country, which 
perhaps will never be fully appreciated : not by the successful estab- 
lishment of this branch of industry — that would sooner or later have 
been accomplished ; not by any of the present material results Avhich 
have flowed from it, great as they unquestionably are ; but by the in- 
troduction of a system which has rendered our present manufacturing 
population the wonder of the world. Elsewhere vice and poverty 
have followed in the train of manufactures ; an indissoluble bond of 
union seemed to exist between them. Philanthropists have prophesied 
the like result here, and demagogues have reechoed the prediction.- 
These wise and patriotic men, the founders of Waltham, foresaw and 
guarded against the evil. By the erection of boarding-houses at the 
expense and under the control of the factory, putting at the head ma- 
trons of tried character, and allowing no boarders to be received except 
the female operatives of the mill ; by stringent regulations for the 
government of these houses — by all these precautions they gained 
the confidence of the rural population, who were now no longer afraid 
to trust their daughters in a maunfacturing town. A supply was thus 
obtained of respectable girls ; and these, from pride of character as 
well as principle, have taken especial care to exclude all others. It 
was soon found that an apprenticeship in a factory entailed no degra- 
dation of character, and was no impediment to a reputable connection 
in marriage. 

" A factory-girl was no longer condemned to pursue that vocation 
for life, and it soon came to be considered that a few years in a mill 
were an honorable mode of securing a dower. The business could 
thus be conducted without any permanent manufacturing population. 
The operatives no longer form a separate caste, pursuing a sedentary 
employment, from father to child, in the heated rooms of a factory, 
but are recruited in a circulating current from the healthy and virtu- 
ous population of the country. By these means, and a careful selec- 
tion of men of principle and purity of life as agents and overseers, a 
great moral good has been obtained. Another result has followed, 
which, if foreseen, as no doubt it was, does great credit to the sagacity 
of these i-emarkable men. The class of operatives employed in our 



33 

mills has proved to be as superior in intelligence and elRciency to the 
population elsewhere employed in manufactures as they are in morals. 
They are selected from a more educated class, from among persons in 
more ejjsy circumstances, where the mental and physical powers have 
met with fuller development. This connection between morals and in- 
tellectual efficiency has never been sufficiently studied. The result is 
certain, and may be destined in its consequences to decide the ques- 
tion of our rivalry with England in the manufacture of cotton." 

I have quoted thus at length from this memoir, written nearly 
thirty years ago, because the ideas expressed in it seem to me to be 
yet worthy of careful study ; although the special manufacturing pojD- 
ulation, which the founders of Waltham so much deprecated, is grow- 
ing up among us, under the influence of competition, combined with 
an enormous foreign immigration, and the growth of our manufactur- 
ing towns, which have increased so as to form the homes of a perma- 
nent population. Under the circumstances, the policy pursued by Mr. 
Lowell and his associates was not only wise, but necessary. The wa- 
ter-powers which it was proposed to use in developing the new indus- 
try on a grand scale were literally "in the woods." Dwellings for the 
operatives were to be constructed in these solitudes, and the operatives 
to be procured. The latter were readily found in the surplus female 
population scattered all over New England, many of whom had learned 
to spin and weave on the hand-wheel or loom ; and philanthropy and 
economy went hand in hand in the organization of the new system. 
The church and factory were built together, and the school-house soon 
followed. 

From Waltham this mode of organization spread rapidly to the 
northern district of New England — Lowell, Saco, Dover, etc. — which 
will be noticed in due course ; but chronological order comj^els us to 
return to Rhode Island and its vicinity ; and in this connection it is 
but proper to say that Slater and his associates also established Sun- 
day-schools, and took great interest in the moral welfare of their em- 
ployees, though the jDermanent or family system was adopted by them 
in the small way in which their mills were commenced as compared 
with the scale of operations at Waltham and afterward at Lowell. 
There were also other great points of difference between what we may 
call the " Waltham " and the " Rhode Island " systems. At Waltham 
the wages were paid in cash, no children were employed, and the oper- 
atives were free to make their purchases at their discretion. In 
Rhode Island the owners of the mills established a sort of " factory 
store" from which the families w^ere supplied with all that they 
needed on credit, and but little cash was used in the daily transactions, 
and the employees were kept in a sort of dependence on their employers. 



34 



CHAPTER VI 

In 1812 the first cotton mill in Fall River, then called Troy, was 
erected at what was known as Globe Village by Colonel Joseph Dur- 
fee and others, and was afterward converted into the Globe Print 
"Works in 1829, and was burned in December, 1838. In 1813 the 
Troy Manufacturing ComjDany was organized and built their first mill. 
From that time until 1840 the growth of the place was slow, and in 
the latter year there were 32,864 spindles where there are now over 
1,200,000. I merely note its commencement here in due order. In 
1814 manufacturing was again revived at Paterson, as noted by Mr. 
Roswell L. Colt, the son of Mr. Peter Colt ; and it was estimated that 
Essex County, N. J., contained in September of this year 32,500 spin- 
dles. The second steam-engine in Providence, of 24 horse-power, was 
erected in this year by Oliver Evans, for the Providence Dyeing, 
Bleaching, and Calendering Company. 

The Bellingham Cotton and Woolen Factory, on Charles River, 
and the Hampden Cotton Manufacturing Company, on Chicopee 
River, at Ludlow, were incorporated by Massachusetts. The first 
cotton mill in North Adams, Mass., was erected in 1811 and started 
in 1812. The cotton was received here as it was picked in the cotton- 
field. It was put out in families and picked and whipped, then sent 
back to the mill and carded and spun into yarn. This yarn was 
put out in the families by the company, and woven on hand looms 
into blue and white striped cloth for pants, also another style for 
women's dresses. The name of this company was "The Adams 
North Village Cotton Factory Company." The Eagle Mill was 
started in 1814, near the Eagle Mill of the Freeman Manufacturing 
Company, and in 1819 the first power loom was started in that mill. 
The first power loom on satinet was started by S. Burlingame in 1823. 
The first cotton mill at Fishkill, K Y., the commencement of the 
Matteawan Manufacturing Company, Avas built by Messrs. Schenck & 
Dowling, and the Lancaster Manufacturing Company, of Lancaster, 
Penn., commenced operations, but failed in 1818. 



35 

In 1815 William Gilmore came from Scotland to this country, 
arriving in Boston in September. He was met in Boston by Mr. 
Robert Rogerson, who knew that he had been employed in power- 
loom weaving, and understood the construction of the looms and dress- 
ing machinery, and who took him to Smithfield and introduced him to 
John Slater. He proposed to Mr. Slater to build the machinery for 
power-loom weaving, receiving nothing for his labor unless he suc- 
ceeded in putting the looms in operation. But the prospects of busi- 
ness were at that time so discouraging that parties were not willing to 
enter into engagements, and he went to work as a machinist at Smith- 
field, where he commenced j)aying rent October 21, 1815. Previous 
to this time a machinist by the name of Blydenburg had been em- 
ployed at the Lyman Mills, in North Providence, in the attempt to 
build a power loom, but so far without success. Gilmore was em- 
ployed, in the early part of 1816, to build twelve looms, and also 
machineiy for warping and dressing, from the plans and drawings 
which he had brought with him, which he accomplished to the satis- 
faction of his employer, and they were, put in operation early in 
1817. 

For the compensation of ten dollars he allowed Messrs. David 
Wilkinson & Co. the use of his patterns for building twelve other 
looms ; and they got their looms in oj^eration nearly as soon as those 
built by Gilmore. This was the first introduction of the crank loom 
in this country ; and, to manifest their gratitude for the services ren- 
dered by Mr. Gilmore, the manufacturers subscribed to raise a fund of 
11,500, and one of the subscribers to this fund refers to his receipt for 
payment of his subscription, which he has preserved, dated May 31, 
1817, thus showing the time when the crank loom was put in opera- 
tion in this country. 

Mule spinning having been introduced in Rhode Island, the build- 
ing of the power loom, as noted, completed the manufacturing system 
of that State within about three years after the power loom was built 
at Walthara. 

In order to avoid the use of the patented machinery used at Wal- 
tham, the Rhode Island mills adopted the crank loom, and introduced 
various roving frames copied from English models, among them, at a 
later date, the tube speeder, invented by George Danf orth, of Massa- 
chusetts, and otherwise known as the " Taunton speeder." This was 
also introduced to a considerable extent in Great Britain in 1825. 
Another form of roving frame was known as the " Brown " speeder, 
patented in 1821 by John Brown, of Providence. But the two sys- 
tems differed essentially in the fact that the Rhode Island district 
adopted the " live " spindle, the Waltham and Northern district the 



36 

" dead " one ; the first, the mule, Scotch dresser, and crank loom ; the 
other, the filling frame, Waltham dresser, and cam loom. 

An important addition to the loom was made in 1816 by the inven- 
tion of the " rotary temple " by Ira Draper, of Weston, which was 
introduced in this country many years before it was adopted in Eng- 
land, where they clung for a long time to the use of the old hand 
" temple," for keeping the cloth extended after leaving the reed. This 
temple was afterward improved by his son, George Draper, who car- 
ries on the only manufactory of temples in the United States, and to 
whom we shall again have occasion to refer in connection with other 
valuable inventions. 

Cotton machinery as perfect as any in existence was now fairly 
introduced into America, and during the war the number of spindles 
in New England had increased to over 120,000. A statement com- 
piled by Samuel Green, of Woonsocket, which I copy from Mr. Batch- 
elder, and which was made for " The Rhode Island Society for the 
Encouragement of Domestic Industry," gives the statistics as follows 
in 1815 : 



Rhode Island 99 mills, 68,142 spindles. 

Massachusetts 52 " 34,468 " 

Connecticut 14 " 11,700 " 

165 119,310 

This says nothing about Maine or New Hampshire. 

I also copy the following table from a report of the Committee on 
Manufactures to Congress in 1815 : 

Capital $40,000,000 

Males employed, of the age of seventeen and upward 10,000 

Boys under seventeen 25 000 

Women and female children 66 000 

Wages of 100,000, average $1.50 per week $7,800,000 

Cotton manufactured, 90,000 bales, or lbs = 27,000,000 

No. yards cloth 81,000,000 

Cost, averaging 30 cents per yard $24,300,000 

The close of the war in 1815, and the consequent enormous increase 
of importations, threatened ruin to this newly born and imperfectly 
developed interest, and in 1816, after a long struggle, the tariff act of 
that year was passed, recognizing the principle of "protection to 
American industry." A duty of 25 per cent, ad valorem was levied 
on all cotton cloths, and the minimum valuation at the port of expor- 



37 

tation was fixed at 25 cents per squai'e yard, thus amounting to a spe- 
cific duty of 6^ cents per square yard. This I'ate was to be leviable 
for three years, after which it was to be reduced to 20 per cent, ad 
valorem, and the same rates were to be applied to cotton twist, yarn, ' 
or thread, unbleached costing less than 60 cents per lb., and bleached 
or colored less than 75 cents per lb. 

AYith the help of this protection by Government, and the introduc- 
tion at the same time of the power loom, the cotton manufacture be- 
came established as a national industry, and has continued to thrive, 
though subject to great fluctuations, from the uncertain and varying 
policy of Congress in regard to the tariff on imported goods. 

Mr. Appleton says : " By degrees the manufacturers woke up to 
the fact that the power loom was an instrument which changed the 
whole character of the manufacture, and that, by adopting the other 
improvements which had been made in machinery, the tariff of 1816 
was sufficiently protective." 

The Legislature of New Jersey in 1815 abolished the tax on spin- 
dles employed in the cotton manufacture. Twelve hundred sj)indles 
are said to have been in operation in Cincinnati this year. There 
was one manufactory of fustians and cotton velvets at Hudson, N. Y., 
and one about to be started at Frankfort, Penn. 

In 1816, Mr. Seth Bemis, of Watertown, Mass., applied the power 
loom to the manufacture of cotton duck, which he had commenced 
with the hand loom in 1809, and which was made from Sea Island 
cotton, costing then from 20 to 25 cents per lb. ; and in this year 
also Jephtha Wilkinson, of Otsego, N. Y., patented a machine for 
making loom reeds. In 1817 " societies for promoting American 
manufactures " were formed in a number of the States. In 1818 the 
first cotton factory in North Carolina was established at the Falls of 
Far River, in Edgecombe County, and was followed "by another near 
Lincolnton, on the Catawba, in 1822. " In 1819 the first cotton mill 
in Manayunk, Philadelphia, was built by Captain John Towers, and 
afterward passed into the hands of Joseph Ripka, to whose enter- 
prise the growth of that place is principally due." (Bishop, vol. ii., 
p. 253.) 

During these years, 1817-'20, the cotton manufacture had, how- 
ever, been in a declining condition, and urgent and incessant endeavors 
had been made to secure further legislation by Congress, but without 
success. The report of a committee of that body, based on the census 
of 1820, shows the pounds of cotton actually spun in that year to have 
been 9,945,609, being a decrease of 63 per cent, on the amount con- 
sumed in 1815, and distributed as follows : 



38 



No. Spindles. 



Maine , 

New Hampshire 
Massachusetts.. 
Rhode Island. . . 
Connecticut.. . . 

Vermont 

New York 

New Jersey.. . . 
Pennsylvania. . . 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 

North Carolina. 
South Carolina. 

Kentucky 

Ohio 

Total 



3,070 
13,012 
30,304 
63,372 
29,826 

3,278 
33,160 
18,124 
13,776 
11,784 
20,245 



288 

588 

8,097 

1,680 



250,572 



Lbs. Cotton spun. 



56,500 

412,100 

1,611,796 

1,914,220 

897,335 

117,250 

1,412,495 

648,600 

1,062,753 

423,800 

849,000 

3,000 

18,000 

46,449 

360,951 

81,360 



9,945,609 



In 1821 the cotton crop of the United States had increased to 
180000,000 lbs., of which 124,000,000 lbs. were exported. Secretary 
Woodbury estimated the amount consumed in the United States to 
have been 20,000,000 lbs,, which, compared with the census returns 
just quoted, leaves about 10,000,000 lbs. to have been manufactured 
by hand labor. 

Despite this general prostration of the manufacturing interest, 
arising from a variety of causes, into which I have neither space nor 
time to inquire, the factory at Waltham, which was the largest one in 
the country, had been uniformly successful, whether from its size and 
ample capital, or its more perfect organization and the great business 
talent of its 0T\uiers, is not for me to say ; and is said to have paid 
twelve per cent, annually during this period of dejiression, and its princi- 
pal owners, Messrs. Jackson & Appleton, began inquiries in 1821 for a 
water privilege where they could commence the manufacture and 
printing of calicoes on a large scale. And to the result of their search 
and the foundation of Lowell I will devote another chapter, having 
in this given all the statistics which I can procure of the progress of 
the manufacture up to this time. 



39 



CHAPTER VII. 

The year 1821 is a memorable one in the annals of American man- 
ufactures as witnessing the inception of a larger enterprise than had 
yet been attempted, and which, in view of its full results, may be fair- 
ly termed " gigantic " — the foundation of the city of Lowell, Mr, 
Nathan Appleton says : " I was of opinion that the time had arrived 
when the manufacture and printing of calicoes might be successfully 
introduced into this country. In this opinion Mr, Jackson coincided, 
and we set about discovering a suitable water-power. At the sugges- 
tion of Mr, Charles H, Atherton, of Amherst, N. H., we met him at a 
fall of the Souhegan River, a few miles from its entrance into the 
Merrimac ; but the power was insufficient for our purpose. This was 
in September, 1821. In returning we passed the Nashua River, with- 
out being aAvare of the existence of the fall which has since been made 
the source of so much power by the Nashua Company, Soon after 
our return, I was at Waltham one day, when I was informed that Mr. 
Moody had lately been at Salisbury, when Mr, Ezra Worthen, his for- 
mer partner, said to him, ' I hear that Messrs, Jackson & Appleton are 
looking out for water-power. Why don't they buy up the Pawtucket 
Canal? That would give them the whole power of the Merrimac, 
with a fall of over thirty feet,' On the strength of this, Mr. Moody 
had returned to Waltham by that route, and was satisfied of the ex- 
tent of the power which might thus be obtained, and Mr, Jackson was 
making inquiries on the subject." 

Mr, Jackson a day or two after called on Mr, Appleton and ex- 
plained his plans, which were carried out by associating with them- 
selves Mr, Kirk Boott, a merchant of Boston who had been educated 
in England, and had some knowledge of engineering, and who was de- 
sirous of engaging in the active management of the enterprise. Mr. 
Thomas M. Clark, of Newburyport (the father of the present Bishop 
of Rhode Island, and the agent of the Pawtucket Canal Company), 
was employed by these gentlemen jointly to buy up all the lands 
about the falls and canal, and such shares of the Canal Company as 
Avere within his reach ; while Mr. Henry M. Andrews was employed 



40 

to purchase all the shares owned in Boston. All this was done very 
quietly in order to prevent attempts at extortion or speculation ; and 
in November, 1821, Messrs. Jackson, Appleton, Boott, Dutton, and 
Moody visited the spot. Formal articles of association were then 
drawn up, bearing date December 1, 1821, and in 1822 the Merrimac 
Manufacturing Company was incorporated, on the 5th of February. 
On the 27th of February the first meeting of stockholders took place, 
and a board of directors was chosen, to whom was transferred the 
property which had been purchased, and for which had been paid, viz., 
for lands, 118,339, and for 339 canal shares, 130,217. The Pawtucket 
canal had been originally built to facilitate the navigation of the Mer- 
rimac River, and its enlargement and the renewal of the locks was 
the first thing to be done. This was commenced in 1822, and com- 
pleted in 1823 at a cost of $120,000, and was estimated to furnish 
fifty " mill-powers." This term of " mill-power," or " mill-privilege," 
used in Lowell, Lawi'ence, and all the northeastern district, is derived 
as follows : " The second mill built at Waltham contained 3,584 spin- 
dles, with all the apparatus necessary to spin No. 14 yarn, and convert 
it into cloth, which was taken as a standard, and the necessary water- 
power was estimated and established as the right to draw twenty-five 
cubic feet per second on a fall of thirty feet, or a gross horse-power of 
85.05, supposed to net about 60 horse-power. The price for this was 
fixed at Lowell at $4 per spindle, or $14,336 for a mill-power and the 
necessary land, of which $5,000 were to remain unpaid, subject to an 
annual rent of $300, or $5 per horse-power." This quantity of water, 
or its equivalent, according to the height of the fall used, has been 
ever since adopted as the standard in the towns which have followed 
Lowell, and the water rent has also been substantially the same. An 
arrangement was made with the Waltham company to equalize the inter- 
est of the stockholders in both companies, by mutual transfers at rates 
agreed on, and to pay the Waltham company $75,000 for all their pat- 
terns and pattern-rights, and the release of Mr. Moody from their ser- 
vice, as he was indispensable to the new company. 

Houses for Mr. Boott, Mr. Moody, and the operatives were built, 
as well as the first Merrimac Mill, and a church, and the first water- 
wheel was started September 1, 1823. Mr. Worthen was the first su- 
perintendent of the mills, and Mr. Moody moved from Waltham, and 
took charge of the machine-shop. Print-works were also commenced 
in 1823, and at the same time were begun by the Dover Manufacturing 
Company at Dover, N. H., and also at Taunton, Mass. The Great 
Falls Manufacturing Company, at Somers worth, N. H., was also incor- 
porated this year, as well as the Newmarket Manufacturing Company 
at Newmarket, N. H. Mr. Worthen, who was a man of great mechan- 



41 

ical skill and ingenuity, died very suddenly in 1824, deeply regretted 
by all with whom he had been connected, and was succeeded by War- 
ren Colburn, the mathematician. 

" The original capital of 1600,000 was increased to $1,200,000 in 
1823, and in October, 1824, a new subscription of 600 shares was 
voted, and a committee appointed to consider the expediency of or- 
ganizing the Canal company by selling them all the land and water- 
power not required by the Merrimac Manufacturing ComiDany. This 
committee reported on the 28th of February, 1825, in favor of the 
measure, which was adopted, and at the same time a subscription was 
opened by which 1,200 shares in the locks and canals were allotted to 
the holders of that number of shares in the Merrimac Company, share 
for share." 

In 1821 Mr. Paul Moody had taken out patents for improvements 
in spinning-frames, and two patents for roving-frames ; one of them 
being the " double-speeder." These and other improvements were in- 
troduced into the new factories with great advantage. The business 
of printing calicoes was entirely new in this country, and required some 
time to establish in a satisfactory manner. The print works of the 
Merrimac Company were at first placed under the charge of Mr. Allen 
Pollock, but in 1826 Mr. John D. Prince, of Manchester, England, was 
induced to come out to this country and take the charge of them, 
bringing with him from England the knowledge of the art of printing 
by engraved copper cylinders, by machinery, then just introduced 
there by Robert Peel, and which was taking the place of the old 
method of printing by hand with wooden blocks. Dr. Samuel L. 
Dana, of Waltham, the distinguished chemist, was also engaged by 
the company ; and by the joint skill and talent of Messrs. Boott, 
Prince, and Dana the success and reputation of the Merrimac Com- 
pany were established. 

The first mills built by them were about 150 feet long by 45 wide, 
and five stories high, containing about 6,000 spindles each, with the 
necessary preparation and looms, and of these there were five, making 
about 30,000 spindles, which was their full complement for some 
twenty years. Two of the original mills have been destroyed by fire, 
and the others torn down and rebuilt on a larger scale ; so that the 
five mills now standing contain, by the Lowell statistics of 1876, 158,- 
464 spindles and 3,941 looms, with a capital of 12,500,000, and em- 
ploy 900 male and 1,800 female operatives. 

The Locks and Canals company now organized, taking the machine- 
shop as part of their property, and built the necessary new canals to 
improve the remaining Avater-power, and in 1825 made their first sale 
to the Hamilton Manufacturing Company, who secured the services of 



42 

Mr. Samuel Batchelder, of New Ipswich, N. H., who had shown great 
manufacturing skill, as their first agent, and under his management 
the power loom was applied with great success to the weaving of 
twilled and fancy goods. In 1828 the Hamilton Company commenced 
calico printing, under the charge of Mr. William Spencer, who came 
out here from England for that purpose. 

In 1828 the Appleton Company was organized, and their mills con- 
tained various later improvements by Mr. Moody, and are believed to 
have been the first in which the system of driving the whole mill by 
" main belts " instead of geared shafting was put in operation, and 
which was the suggestion of Mr. Moody, who thereby saved, not only 
in first cost, but in power. 

All these early mills in Lowell were of about the same size, i. e., 
5,000 to 6,000 spindles, and I will now only enumerate the order in 
which the remaining companies were organized, giving their present 
statistics in their proper order in my summary. The Lowell Manufac- 
turing Company, for coarse cottons, negro cloths, and carpets, was in- 
corporated in 1828 ; the Suffolk and Tremont Mills, now united, in 
1830, commencing the manufacture of heavy drills, which experiments 
by Mr. Batchelder at the Hamilton Company had shown to be very 
profitable. With these mills commenced the connection of Messrs. 
Amos and Abbott Lawrence with the manufacturing interest, and in 
1831 the Lawrence Manufacturing Company was incorporated, com- 
mencing operations in 1833. The Boott Cotton Mills, on a somewhat 
larger scale, followed in 1835, and the Massachusetts Cotton Mills in 
1839 ; succeeded by the Prescott Mills (now united with the Massa- 
chusetts) in 1844. 

The Lowell Bleachery was incorporated in 1832, and the Lowell 
Machine-Shop was also incorporated as a separate establishment in 
1845, when the Locks and Canals Com^^any sold out the remainder of 
their real estate, and was reorganized as a water-power company only, 
under the charge of James B, Francis, Esq., the eminent hydraulic 
engineer, who had been for a long while the engineer of the old com- 
pany. The proceeds of the sales of the shop and real estate were di- 
vided among the old stockholders, and the new stock was taken ^j)ro 
rata by the different manufacturing companies, Avorking under the 
original charter of 1792, as " the Proprietors of the Locks and Canals 
on Merrimac River." 

The Middlesex Company for the Manufacture of Woolen Goods, 
incorporated 1830, completes the list of the larger corporations in 
Lowell. 

The old canals proving insufficient for the proper supply of water 
to the mills, a new and much larger one was constructed by Mr. Fran- 



43 

cis, in 1846, by the erection of a massive stone wall for a long dis- 
tance parallel with the old bank of the river, and founded on its rocky 
bed ; then turning, was excavated through the ledge, and carried into 
the heart of the city. The cost of this work was about 1500,000, 
During the past year a massive and permanent stone dam, laid in ce- 
ment, has been built by Mr. Francis just below the original one, and 
the water-power of Lowell may be considered as completed. In 
March, 1826, the town of Lowell was set off from Chelmsford, and in 
1836 it was incorporated as a city. 

Meanwhile, there had been growth elsewhere. In 1822 the manu- 
facture of cotton sail-duck was commenced in Paterson, N, J., by 
John Colt, with hand looms, for which Mr. Bemis's power loom was 
substituted in 1824, and the business was rapidly extended, and was 
established in Baltimore in 1823 by Charles Crook, Jr., & Brother, 
who were themselves unsuccessful in business, but the manufacture of 
duck has remained and become prosperous in Baltimore. In 1822 the 
first " Texas " cotton appeared in market. In 1823 the Nashua Manu- 
facturing Company was incorporated in New Hampshire, and the Do- 
ver Manufacturing Company, at Dover, incorporated in 1822, which 
failed, and was merged in the Cocheco Manufacturing Company in 
1827, had commenced operations, besides mills at Exeter and Pem- 
broke, N. H. ; while in Massachusetts the Boston and Springfield 
Manufacturing Company, with a capital of 1500,000, was chartered, 
and commenced operations on the Chicopee River, in the town of 
Springfield. The name of this company was changed in 1828 to that 
Chicopee Manufacturing Company. 

It is now impossible to trace the exact progress in different locali- 
ties — it was so rapid and various. The Blackstone Manufacturing 
Company in Massachusetts commenced about this time, as well as the 
Coventry Manufacturing Company in Rhode Island, according to 
Bishop (vol. ii., p. 284). 

In 1824,. after a long and tedious struggle, a new tariff bill was 
passed by Congress, which raised the minimum valuation on cotton 
cloths from twenty-five to thirty-five cents the square yard, and also 
levied a duty of three and three quarters cents per square yard on cot- 
ton bagging, for the benefit of Kentucky and the Western States. A, 
report of the Secretary of State, in answer to a resolution of the Sen- 
ate, this year, gives the manufacturing capital authorized by State 
laws since 1820 as, in New Hampshire, $5,830,000 ; in Massachusetts, 
16,840,000 ; in Connecticut, $1,300,000 ; and New York, $797,000— 
making a total in seven States, with the amount authorized in 1820, of 
$70,636,500. This, however, includes other industries besides cotton. 
A bleaching and print works was incorporated at Belleville, N. J., this 



year, and Philadelphia was estimated to contain thirty cotton-mills, 
averaging 1,400 spindles each. The Ware Manufacturing Company 
was also incorpoi*ated at Ware, Mass. 

Numbers of patents for improvements in cotton machinery had 
also been issued since the establishment of power-loom weaving at 
Waltham, one of the most important of which was that of the appli- 
cation of the " compound gear," " differential box," or " equation 
box " to the roving-frame. This motion, which has been adopted uni- 
versally in all roving-frames or speeders, and which was patented in 
England in 1826, by Henry Houlds worth, Jr., was the invention, ac- 
cording to Mr. Zachariah Allen, of Providence, of Aza Arnold, a na- 
tive of Rhode Island, who first applied it in 1822, but took no measures 
to secure his patent till January 7, 1823.* A model was taken to Eng- 
land by an American in 1825, and it was seized upon eagerly and came 
into general use ; English writers giving the credit of the invention to 
Mr. Houldsworth. This beautiful invention for regulating the different 
velocities of the spindle and bobbin, so that the surface of the bobbin, 
while constantly increasing in size, still preserves the same relation to 
the speed of the rollers, consisted of a train of bevel gears, one of 
which was set in the web of another gear, and, while possessing a ro- 
tary motion of its own, also revolved bodily around another center ; 
thus either retarding or accelerating the motion transmitted through 
it, according to the direction given to the intermediate gear. A sim- 
ple change of a single pinion, which gave this regulating motion, at 
once adapted the frame to any size of roving, without the great cost 
which attended the alteration of the old speeder to different numbers 
from those for which it was originally geared. Mr. Arnold's neglect 
in asserting his patent led to tedious and expensive litigation ; so that 
he reaped no proper reward for his ingenuity, while the parties who 
appropriated it in England are said to have derived great profit. 

The year 1825 is marked by the invention by Richard Roberts, of 
Manchester, England, of the self-acting mule, which was not, however, 
introduced into the United States until some years later. 

The amount of cotton grown this year in the United States is 
stated at 255,000,000 lbs., of which 176,500,000 lbs. were exported, 
aipd the number of spindles in the country is given as 800,000. The 
first commencement of operations at Saco, Me., was made this year by 
a company of Boston gentlemen who bought Cutts's Island, at the 
mouth of the Saco River, and formed their plans for a cotton-mill of 
12,000 spindles, which was built in 1826, and was the largest mill yet 
attempted in America. 

* See Appendix B. 



45 

Bishop (vol. ii., pp. 308 and 309) gives an estimate for 1826 of 
400 cotton factories in New England, averaging 700 spindles each, 
and consuming 98,000 bales of cotton. These were distributed as fol- 
lows : Massachusetts, 135 ; Rhode Island, 110 ; Connecticut, 80 ; 
New Hampshire, 50 ; Maine, 15 ; Vermont, 10. The larger villages 
in the order of their size he gives as follows : Lowell, Mass. ; Great 
Falls, Dover, and Nashua, N. H.; Pawtucket, R. I.; Fall River, 
Mass.; Blackstone, Mass.; Slatersville, R. I.; Taunton, Mass.; Paw- 
tuxet, R. I. (?) ; Ware and Waltham, Mass. ; New Ipswich and New- 
market, N. H. ; Springfield and Lancaster, Mass.; Norwich, Conn. 
The number of cotton factories in the other States was estimated at 
275, of the same average size ; making the total consumption of cot- 
ton 150,000 bales per annum. 

This year the Hudson Calico Print-Works were established at Co- 
lumbiaville, near Hudson, N. Y., by Joseph and Benjamin Marshall, and 
have since been largely increased ; and the Cohoes Company was in- 
corporated, for the improvement of the water-power of the Mohawk 
River where it falls into the Hudson. For the following statistics I 
am indebted to D. J. Johnston, Esq., of the Harmony Mills. The 
first attempt at manufacturing at Cohoes was made in 1811, when the 
Cohoes Manufacturing Company was incorporated for the purpose of 
manufacturing cotton, woolen, and linen goods. This came to no- 
thing ; and in 1826 the Cohoes Company, with a capital of 1250,000, 
since increased to $500,000, was formed, as noted. They built a dam 
and canals, making the whole fall of 103 feet available on five different 
levels. The Harmony Manufacturing Company was incorporated in 
1835 by a company of gentlemen from Albany and New York, among 
whom was Peter Harmony, from whom the company received its 
name. They erected in 1837 Mill No. 1, wdiich still stands, enlarged 
and improved. Financially this concern proved unsuccessful, and in 
1850 it passed by a compulsory sale into the hands of the present com- 
pany ; the present statistics of which show as follows : Mill No. 1, 
550 by 70 feet, 4 stories, containing 42,000 spindles and 900 looms ; 
No. 2, built in 1857, enlarged in 1866, is 660 by 75 feet and 3 stories, 
containing 48,500 spindles and 1,100 looms ; No. 3, built 1866, en- 
larged 1872, 1,250 by 76 feet, 5 stories, containing 130,000 spindles, 
1,700 narrow and 1,100 wide looms ; No. 4, formerly the " Ogden 
Mill," is 500 by 50 feet, 5 stories, containing 29,000 spindles, 650 
looms ; No. 5, formerly the " Strong Mill," 330 by 50 feet, 4 stories, 
containing 19,000 spindles, 330 looms ; No. 6, 240 by 60 feet, 3 sto- 
ries high, containing 4,000 spindles and 100 looms. This latter mill is 
used for the manufacture of jute goods, seamless bags, and coarse 
yarns. The aggregate amount of machinery used by this company is 



46 

267,500 spindles and 5,880 looms ; more than the whole estimate for 
the United States in 1820. 

For the first time in the returns of exports, manufactured cotton 
goods are included in 1826, amounting to a value of $1,138,125, of 
which $671,266 was sent to Mexico and Central and South America. 

The manufacture of cotton bagging was also attempted this year 
(1826), at Nashville, Tenn. In 1827 the Cocheco Manufacturing 
Company bought for $750,000 the property of the Dover Company, 
which had cost about $2,000,000, and continued operations at Dover, 

The cotton manufactures of Philadelphia and vicinity for this year 
are stated by Dr. Bishop to have amounted to 24,300,000 yards, worth 
$3,888,000, and consuming 20,250 bales of cotton, and the total con- 
sumption of cotton for the United States is estimated at 103,482 bales. 
Six thousand bales were consumed this year at Paterson, N. J. In 
1827 or 1828 subscriptions were made for the first cotton factory in 
Virginia, at Petersburg, and a company was also projected about this 
time at Fredericksburg. 

The year 1828 is memorable for the passage of a positively "pro- 
tective tariff" by Congress, which, however, especially favored the 
woolen and iron interests. 

On the 2d of September, 1828, Charles Danforth, of Paterson, N. 
J., received his patent for the " cap spindle," which was introduced 
into England in 1830, and extensively used, both there and at home, 
for spinning " filling " before the great improvements in and general in- 
troduction of the self-acting mule, and is now being adopted success- 
fully for spinning worsted " filling " in this country. 



47 



CHAPTER VIII. 

Ai^^OTiiER jjatent was granted this year (1828) to John Thorpe, of 
Providence, which has been productive of such enormous results, and 
so changed the character of cotton spinning in America, that it de- 
serves to head a chapter. I refer to the " ring spindle," which has 
driven out the " cap," and almost superseded the throstle in the manu- 
facture of cotton warp-yarns. 

Dispensing with the flier, which carried the yarn around the bob- 
bin in the original patent, the yarn was led in by a slot in the outer 
one, between two concentric rings, around the inner one of which it 
was carried by the revolutions of the spindle, one or two modifica- 
tions of which were shown in the drawings. 

In 1829 a patent was granted to Addison & Stevens, of New York, 
for a " traveler " or wire loop, sliding around on a single ring ; and 
from this the present form of ring-spinning has been derived. The 
germ of the idea was undoubtedly in Danf orth's " cap " ; but the ring 
and traveler had so much more scope and took so much less power, 
that it became the favorite, and with the latest improvements seems 
likely to take the place of the mule for spinning " filling " as well as 
warp-yarns. Mr. William Mason, of Taunton, Mass., writes me as 
follows : " I introduced the ring-spinning frame in Connecticut (at 
Killingly) in 1833. I built quite a number there, but moved to 
Taunton with all my patterns in the spring of 1836. All the success- 
ful ring-frames that were built were made by me up to about 1840, 
when P. Whitin & Sons commenced to build them. I built ring- 
frames for their mills as early as 1833. There has been no improve- 
ment in the ring and traveler since I first reduced it to practice in 
1833." 

This system was finally adopted by all the large machine-makers 
in the United States, and has recently received great developments, of 
which notice will be taken in due order. 

Among other noticeable events of this year (1828) are the estab- 
lishment of the Covington Cotton Factory at Covington, Ky., of mills 
at Vincennes, Ind., and of the Norwich Water-Power Company, on 
the Shetucket River in Connecticut, at what is now called Greeneville. 
12 



48 

A substantial stone dam 280 feet in lengtli was built, and several 
large cotton mills were erected in the few years next following. The 
Columbian Mills at Mason Village, N. H,, also started this year (1828). 

In 1829 another roving frame was invented by Gilbert Brewster, 
of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in which a temporary twist was given to the 
roving during its passage from the rolls to the spool, by passing it 
between two leather bands or belts moving rapidly in opposite direc- 
tions. This was used for a considerable time to some extent, on ac- 
count of the small cost of the machine and the great quantity of work 
it would produce, and was known as the " Eclipse speeder." It was 
introduced into England by Messrs. Sharp Brothers in 1835, but has 
now given place to the roving frame with the "equation-box" or 
" compound " movement, as it is generally called, either in the form 
of the " fly frame " or " speeder," the latter name being given to those 
frames in which the arms of the flier are connected at the bottom and 
are independent of the spindle. 

In 1830 the quantity of cotton goods manufactured in the United 
States was estimated at 250,000,000 yards. The Exeter Cotton Fac- 
tory, at Exeter, N. H., went into operation in March of this year. 
The mill at Saco, Me., was burned, and the Lonsdale Comj)any com- 
menced operations at Smithfield, R. I. 

In 1831 the York Manufacturing Company, of Saco, secured the 
services of Mr. Samuel Batchelder, who had just left the Hamilton 
Company, at Lowell, and built a new four-story mill on the old site. 
Here, in 1832, Mr. Batchelder introduced the stop motion, which he 
applied to the drawing frame ; and not long after invented the " bal- 
ance dynamometer," for weighing the power required to drive ma- 
chinery. Mr. Batchelder remained here until 1846, when he sold out 
his interest, but some years later, at iipward of seventy years of age, 
accepted the treasurership of the company, at a time when the value 
of the stock had depreciated from |1,200 to $600 per share, and re- 
mained in that office until the value of the shares had again risen to 
$1,700, when he finally retired from business. 

A Convention of the Friends of American Industry was held in 
New York in 1831, at which the following statistics were obtained : 
The cotton crop was estimated to be 1,038,847 bales, and the domestic 
consumption to be more than one fifth of the crop ; and the condition 
of the manufacture in the twelve Eastern and Middle States, including 
Maryland and Virginia, was as follows : 

Capital invested (principally in fixtures) $40,614,984 

Number of spitfdies in operation 1,246,503 

Hands employed 62,15'7 

Value of product, annual $26,000,000 



49 

A large steam cotton factory was built this year at Olneyville, 
R. I., and another at Fall River, Mass., and the first cotton mill was 
built at Amoskeag Falls, now Manchester, N. H. 

Besides the larger establishments noted, others were growing up 
on all the waterfalls in Rhode Island, Southern Massachusetts, and 
Connecticut, the precise data of which I am unable to get. The 
whole valley of the Blackstone River, from "Worcester to Providence, 
and those of the Mumford, Quinebaug, and Shetucket, furnished nu- 
merous mill sites, which were rapidly appropriated, for cotton and 
woolen factories. Eighteen hundred and thirty-two will never be for- 
gotten as the " nullification year," the Legislature of South Carolina 
having passed a resolution declaring the tariff act of that year " null 
and void." The Southern States, who were at first advocates of pro- 
tection, on account of their " cotton," while New England was gen- 
erally opposed to it, on account of her " commerce," had changed 
front with their old adversaries entirely ; and, while the Eastern and 
Middle States, having embarked heavily in manufactures, were desirous 
of continuance of the system, the South had begun to think it advisa- 
ble to ship their cotton to Europe, and under free trade have it manu- 
factured there and returned to her, with such other manufactured 
articles as might balance the account. The excitement and disturbance 
consequent on this action of the State of South Carolina led to the 
introduction and passage of the celebrated " Compromise Act " of 

1833, by which the duties on imports were to be gradually reduced. 
The statistics for 1833 show the capital invested at Lowell to have 

been $6,150,000, with 19 mills, 84,000 spindles, 3,000 looms, 5,000 
laborers, using 200,000 bales of cotton. 

Fall River contained 13 mills, with 31,500 spindles and 1,050 
looms, employing 1,276 hands. The York Manufacturing Company 
started their new mill this year, with 8,000 spindles. 

The cotton crop of the United States was estimated the next year, 

1834, at 460,000,000 lbs., of which 384,000,000 were exported. At this 
time, says Dr. Bishop, "the ports of Rio de Janeiro, Aux Cayes, 
Malta, SmjTna, and the Cape of Good Hope were overstocked with 
unbleached American cotton, to the exclusion of British goods, which 
they undersold." I also quote from the same authority, that " the 
manufacture of cotton gins was commenced on an extensive scale at 
this time in Autauga County, Ala,, by Daniel Pratt, a native of New 
Hampshire, who in 1846 added a cotton factory. The Jackson Manu- 
facturing Company, at Nashua, N. H., was incorporated this year 
(1834), and the Lonsdale Company, of Rhode Island, commenced 
operations. 

Eighteen hundred and thirty-five shows 112 cotton mills in the 



50 

State of New York, with 157,316 spindles and a capital of 13,669,500, 
employing 12,954 hands and pi'oducing 21,000,000 yards of cloth. The 
year is also marked by the death of Samuel Slater on the 20th of 
April. Mr. Samuel Batchelder obtained a patent this year for the 
application of a steam-drying cylinder to the dressing machine, and the 
Boston and Lowell Railroad was oj^ened for communication between 
those two cities. In 1836 the capital invested in manufacturing in the 
United States was estimated at $80,000,000, the consumption of cotton 
at 100,000,000 lbs., and the number of spindles at 1,750,000, the value 
of the product being from $45,000,000 to $50,000,000. The speed of 
spindles had also been materially increased by the various improve- 
ments which had been made, making the production per spindle much 
greater than in 1813. 

This year the Patent Office was organized into an independent 
bureau, and the Hon. Henry L. Ellsworth was appointed the first 
Commissioner of Patents on the 4th of July. On the same date a 
cotton factory of 1,000 spindles was put in operation at Fayetteville, 
N. C. 

Another manufacturing company was incorporated this year at 
Chicopee, Mass., with a capital of $400,000, under the name of the 
" Perkins Manufacturing Company " ; and the Mauchaug Manufactur- 
ing Company, at Sutton, Mass., and the Fiskdale Manufacturing Com- 
pany, at Sturb ridge, Mass., were incorporated. In 1836 the Gray 
Manufacturing Company, and in 1837 the Laurel Manufacturing Com- 
pany, of Maryland, commenced operations. 

Bishop (vol. ii., p. 411) says : " There were at this date four cotton 
mills in North Carolina, viz., at Greensborough, Mocks ville. Haw 
River, and Cane Creek. Two or three spinning factories, of 100 or 
200 spindles each, carried by animal power, were in operation in Illi- 
nois, producing yarn successfully from material grown in the State." 
One or two manufacturing companies were chartered this year in the 
State of New York. 

In 1838 the Bartlett Steam Mills, at NeAvburyport, Mass., were 
chai'tered. Mi\ Bartlett, the chief owner and j^rojector, conceived the 
idea that a cotton factory in that town would give employment to the 
families of the sailors and fishermen who were residents of the town, 
and who were themselves absent the greater part of the year. 

The transfer of commerce to the cities of New York and Boston 
had seriously crippled the prosperity of Newburyport, Salem, and 
other towns along the coast of New England, and it was hoped that 
the introduction of manufactures would aid in restoring them to their 
former prosperity. These towns contained a large unemployed 
female population, and it was believed that the abundance of labor 



51 

and the saving in freight of coal and cotton would compensate for the 
additional cost of steam-power over that of water ; but these hopes 
have proved fallacious, so far as all the steam mills on the seacoast 
northeast of Boston are concerned. The " James " Mill, at Newbury- 
port, started in 1843, the " Globe " Mill, at the same place, in 1846, 
and the Portsmouth Steam Mill, at Portsmouth, N. H., the same year, 
are notable examjDles. 

I will endeavor in an appendix to give some data as to the actual 
relative cost of the two modes of obtaining power. 

The Amoskeag Manufacturing Company, of Manchester, N. H., 
incorporated in 1831, and which had acquired by purchase all the wa- 
ter rights on Merrimac River, from Nashua to Concord, commenced 
in 1838 to greatly extend and develop their water-power, by the con- 
struction of an extensive sj'stem of canals on the east side of the river, 
opposite to the site of the original mill built in 1810, and erected a 
large shop for the construction of machinery. In 1839 the Stark 
Mills and the Manchester Print Works Avere incorporated, the former 
commencing operations at once, although the latter did not begin 
till 1845. 

In 1841 and '42 the Amoskeag Company built two mills, which were 
known as the " Amoskeag New Mills " until the destruction of the old 
mill by fire some years later, and have since gradually increased to 
135,000 spindles, besides building machinery of various kinds and 
further developing their water-power. The present statistics of Man- 
chester will be given at the close of this memoir, in connection with 
those of Lowell, Lawrence, Lewiston, and other distinctively manu- 
facturing towns. 

Another important event of the year 1838 was the invention by 
Erastus B. Bigelow of an improvement on the loom for weaving- 
knotted counterpanes. 

The close of the decade in 1840 shows a capital of over 150,000,000 
invested in cotton manufactiu'es, and 2,285,000 spindles in operation, 
working 113,059,000 pounds of cotton, and with over 70,000 people 
employed in its various branches. 

The introduction of the self-acting mule, which occurred at this 
time, is an event of sufficient consequence to deserve a new chapter. 



52 



CHAPTER IX. 

I HAVE spent a long time in endeavoring to trace accurately the his- 
tory of the introduction of the self-acting mule into America, and 
met with some conflicting statements, from which, however, I am 
enabled to extract the following facts : 

Mr. Ira Gay, of the firm of Pitcher & Gay, of Pawtucket, R. I., 
went to Nashua, N. H., as the mechanical superintendent of the 
Nashua Company, in 1824. A self-acting mule was then built by him 
in 1825-'26 at the Nashua Mills, and others of the same pattern were 
built by his successors, Pitcher & Brown, in 1828, for Edward Wal- 
cott, of Pawtucket. " Messrs. Pitcher & Brown afterward built the 
' Sharp & Roberts ' mule in 1840, and in 1868 built the ' Parr, Curtis 
& Madely ' pattern." For this information I am indebted to the 
Hon. Zachariah Allen, late Governor of Rhode Island, and through 
him to Mr. James Brown, of Pawtucket, one of the firm of Pitcher & 
Brown. 

This information as to the early attempts at mule spinning in the 
United States is confirmed by William A. Burke, Esq., Treasurer of 
the Lowell Machine Shop, who writes me as follows : 

" Mr. Ira Gay was the superintendent of the Nashua Manufactur- 
ing Company's machine shop, at Nashua, N. H., when I began to learn 
my trade in December, 1826. The job I was working on had no part 
of the mule work, but I recollect very well that they were a promi- 
nent machine in the shop, and caused no little discussion with us boys. 

" I believe the old Nashua Mill No. 2 was supplied with them for 
making filling, and I remember very well the tin quill or bobbin, with 
its wooden cone on the lower end, and the raised rings on the tin part, 
for holding the yarn from pulling off. As you may now well suppose, 
these tin tubes were giving trouble enough in keeping straight, for 
they reached nearly to the top of the spindle. I left off working in 
the Nashua Company's shop in 1828, and the mules were in a few 
years abandoned and broken up." 

The next attempt was made by William Mason, of Taunton, who 
writes me as follows : 



53 

" I commenced to experiment on tlie self -actor mule in 1837, and 
from that time to 1843 I continued to persevere and improve it. I 
produced several patterns which were more or less successful, but the 
last pattern, the one that we are now building, was put in operation 
for the first time at the old Essex Mill, at Newburyport, Mass., early 
in 1843." 

Mr. Thomas J. Hill, of Providence, says : " I made mules after 
Mason's patent in 1840." 

Mr. Mason has, however, introduced many improvements in strength- 
ening the parts of his mules since 1843, and the " Mason mule " is 
now well known throughout the country, as doing more work with the 
same power than any other mule built. 

Up to 1840, however, mule spinning in this country was only an 
experiment, and its successful practical introduction was due to Brad- 
ford Durf ee and William C. Davol, of Fall River, who, on March 9, 
1839, signed a contract with Messrs. Sharp, Roberts & Co., of Man- 
chester, England, for the mutual benefit of the aforesaid parties, and 
William cC Davol acted as agent to procure letters patent for the 
United States, under the name of Richard Roberts, the original in- 
ventor of the mule. These letters patent are dated October 11, 1841. 
Owing to the rigidness of the English export laws at that time, 
the first mule was obliged to be shipped via France, and was received 
at Fall River in 1840. This mule was set up and put in operation the 
same year at the Annawan Mill, Fall River, under the superintendence 
of William C. Davol. The mule being considered an entire success, 
several orders were at once given to Hawes, Marvel & Davol to build 
them, and the firm, being anxious to complete the orders as rapidly as 
possible, employed Messrs. Pitcher & Brown, of Pawtucket, who had 
been experienced in building jacks, to make the carriages from pat- 
terns furnished by Messrs. Hawes, Marvel & Davol. 

From this date forward the progress of mule spinning in the 
" Southern district " of Massachusetts and Rhode Island was very 
rapid, though it was many years before it was introduced to any great 
extent farther to the North and East, where the prejudice was strong 
in favor of the hard-twisted and wiry yarn made by the throstle. 

Many experiments were, however, made, the first one being the 
introduction of the Smith or " Scotch " mule by the Matteawan Com- 
pany, of Fishkill Landing, N. Y., soon after 1840, and letters patent were 
secured by W. B. Leonard, agent of that company. This pattern was 
much liked for a time, and a small number of them were built by the 
Amoskeag Company for a mill owned by them at Hooksett, N. H., 
and later for one of their own mills at Manchester, and also by the 
machine shop of the Locks and Canals Company, at Lowell, for a mill 



54 

at Great Falls, N. H. In 1844 the " Parr, Curtis & Madely " mule, 
an outgrowth from the Sharp & Roberts, was imported for a mill at 
Spring Gardens, in Philadelphia, and in 1845 the Franklin Foundry 
Company, of Providence, commenced their construction. 

The Potter mule was also introduced in 1845 by the Manchester 
Print Works, then going into operation, for the purpose of spinning 
delaine filling, to which the " Smith " mules were applied at Hooksett ; 
and were afterward imported for the mill built for the manufacture of 
lawns at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1848, and about the same time for a 
mill in East Greenwich, Conn. 

Still later, about 1853, the " Higgins " or " low-head " mule was 
introduced by the Franklin Foundry Company, and became well 
known in the country under their name, and was soon afterward 
adopted and built by the Saco Water-Power Company. 

This mule, the original " Sharp & Roberts " pattern, and the 
" Mason," were the ones mainly used in the United States up to the 
period immediately succeeding the civil war, when the extraordinary 
demand for fabrics, and the impossibility of procuring machinery ex- 
cept at an exorbitant cost, if at all, from any American machine- 
builder, led to the importation of a great number of English mules of 
two kinds nominally : one, the " Parr, Curtis & Madely " before men- 
tioned ; the other, the " Piatt," built by the Piatt Brothers, of Old- 
ham, Lancashire ; but both, in all essential featui'es, lineal descendants 
'of the Sharp & Roberts mule. 

Of these two patterns, that of the Piatt Brothers was adopted by 
the Lowell Machine Shop, and the Parr & Curtis by the Saco Water- 
Power Company, both of which establishments have been largely en- 
gaged in their manufacture since the close of the war ; and these, with 
the Mason and a few of the Sharp & Roberts pattern, are the only 
kinds now built ; the Smith & Potter being quite obsolete, and the 
Higgins, though an excellent machine, not able to compete in speed 
or production, on coarse numbers, such as are generally spun in this 
country, with these improved and more powerful rivals. 

Another American mule, invented by Wanton Rouse, of Taunton, 
which formed the cop by an enormous eccentric cam or " builder," was 
also introduced in 1853, but has never been used to any great extent. 

The English fly frame or roving frame, differing from the American 
speeder in having the flier attached to the top of the spindle, and revolv- 
ing with it, while the bobbin was headless, and carried independently 
by the. differential motion of Aza Arnold, already spoken of, which 
was adopted in England by Houldsworth, was introduced in this coun- 
try about 1845, and has since been generally adopted, though the 
prejudice against it, on account of the delay in " dofling," Avas for a 



55 

time very strong. The first frames were sent to Rhode Island by 
Messrs. William Higgins & Sons, of Manchester, who have sujsplied a 
great number to American mills, as have also Messrs. Howard & Bal- 
lough, of Accrington, particularly during the period following the 
war ; but the manufacture of these machines was soon taken up by 
the Providence Machine Company and the Saco Water-Power Com- 
pany and others, and there are now very few imported. 

The Lowell Machine-Shop has built an improved speeder, combin- 
ing the headless bobbin and wind of the tiy frame with the long flyer, 
which is in use to a great extent, and with entire satisfaction, on 
coarse rovings. 

The year 1844 is memorable for the introduction of the turbine 
wheel, one of which, of seventy-five horse-power, after the Fourneyi-on 
plan, with improvements, was introduced at the Appleton Mills at 
Lowell by Uriah A. Boyden, an eminent engineer of Boston. Atten- 
tion had been previously called to this matter, and Mr. Elwood Morris, 
of Philadelphia, had in 1843 published a translation of a French work 
on the subject of turbines, by Morin, with notes of the operation of 
some turbines of his own design at Philadelphia ; but the success of 
the system may be said to date from the results obtained by Mr. Boy- 
den at Lowell ; seventy-eight per cent, of the gross power of the 
water, besides that requii'ed for driving the bevel-gears and "jack- 
shaft," having been obtained on the test of the first wheel, and eighty- 
eight per cent, at the test of more perfectly constructed wheels, built 
afterward fi'om the designs of Mr. Boyden. From this time forward 
the turbine in some form or another has been introduced, till it has now 
entirely superseded the old " breast " or " overshot " wheel, giving a 
much higher percentage of effect from the water, and enabling mill- 
owners to run some portion of their machinery in times of freshets or 
back-water, when the old wheels were entirely useless. 

Another American invention of about the same date was the cloth- 
shear or trimmer, which is now in universal use in cotton mills, al- 
though the intention of its inventor, Milton D. Whipple, of Lowell, 
was confined to trimming the ends and threads from the cloth in the 
calico print works ; but the machine proved so useful that it has been 
generally adopted in all mills as a necessary operation in preparing 
the cloth for market. 

The growth of the cotton manufacture, under the stimulating in- 
fluences of protection, and the favor with which American goods 
Avere received in China, was now very rapid, and in 1845 plans were 
made for a further development of the water-power of the Merrimac 
River, at North Andover, by the construction of a dam across it, at 
the rapids at that place, which should give a fall of twenty-six feet. 



56 

and set back the water in the pond above the dam to the foot of 
Hunt's Falls, just below Lowell. The Essex Company was incorpo- 
rated for that purpose, and the work commenced ; and in 1847 the 
dam and canal were completed, and the town which had sprung up in 
consequence of the operations was called Lawrence, from the name of 
the gentlemen in Boston who had been the leaders in the enterprise. 

The Atlantic Cotton Mills were the first to commence operations, 
but were soon followed by others, until a flourishing and populous 
city occupies the site which thirty years ago was a barren sand-bank, 
and of which particulars will be given in the proper appendix. 

The Dwight Manufacturing Company, of Chicopee, had been in- 
corporated in 1841, and eventually absorbed both the Cabot and Per- 
kins Mills, of the same place. 

Another special industry was inaugurated by E. B. Bigelow, of 
Lancaster, in 1844, by the commencement of the Lancaster Mills, at 
Clinton, Mass., for the manufacture of ginghams, which were to be 
woven by machinery instead of by hand loom, as had formerly been 
the practice, and resulted in entire success, proving the scheme to be 
practicable and profitable, and serving as the pioneer to various other 
successful establishments of a similar character. 

The Ocean Mills, of Newburyport, Mass., were commenced in 
1845, the Boston Duck Company, of Palmer, in 1843, and the Ply- 
mouth Cotton Company in the same year ; and in 1847 the Wamsutta 
Mills, of New Bedford, the Agawam Canal Company, of West Spring- 
field, and the Annisquam Mills, of Rockjiort, all in Massachusetts, 
were started. In 1848 the Glasgow Company, of South Hadley, fol- 
lowed the Lancaster Mills on ginghams. The Massasoit and Metaco- 
met Mills, of Fall River, commenced respectively in 1845 and 1846, 
and the Naumkeag Mills, of Salem, commenced in 1839, and the Otis 
Manufacturing Company, of Ware, 1840, should also be included in 
the growth of Massachusetts for this decade. 

Nor were the other New England States behind in developing their 
resources. The Saco Water-Power Company, in Maine, by means of 
new dams and canals on the west side of the river, opposite the York 
Mills, utilized the whole power of the Saco River, and built the Pep- 
perell Mills in 1844, and the Laconia Mills in 1845, with a large ma- 
chine shop, which has been successfully operated since by the Water- 
Power Company, and as a necessary result the city of Biddeford grew 
up around these establishments. The Hallowell Manufacturing Com- 
pany, at Hallowell, was also commenced in 1845. 

Neither can the growth of the cotton manufacture at this time be 
estimated fairly by the number of mills built. The original mills of 
4,000 to 6,000 spindles had given place to larger and more convenient 



57 

structures containing from 10,000 to 15,000 spindles each, and these 
were in time to give place to still larger ones, or to be connected by 
intermediate buildings, bringing 30,000 or 40,000 spindles under one 
roof and one system of superintendence, as experience and practice de- 
veloped overseers of skill sufficient to take the charge of so large an 
amount of machinery, with its complement of operatives. 

In New Hampshire the Amoskeag and Great Falls companies were 
extending their operations and adding to their machinery, and in 1845 
the Monadnock Mills at Claremont were commenced, using the water- 
power of Sugar River. 

Large numbers of mills were also built in Rhode Island, among 
which were those of the Groton Company, at Woonsocket, in 1840, the 
Hope Company, at Scituate, in 1845, the Warren Company, at Warren, 
in 1847, and the Quidnick Company, at Anthony, in 1848. 

In Connecticut the Falls Company, of Norwich, and the Chestnut 
Hill Mill, at Killingly, commenced operations in 1844 ; the Granite 
Mill, at Stafford Springs, and the Greenwood Company, at New Hart- 
ford, in 1845 ; the Uncasville Manufacturing Company, at Montville, 
in 1848 ; and the Moodus Manufacturing Company, at East Haddam, 
in 1849. 

The Victory Manufacturing Company, of Saratoga, N. Y., com- 
menced in 1846, and the Utica Steam Mills in 1848. 

I have no statistics by which to mark the exact progress of the 
manufacture at this period in the States farther South and West, but 
it is certain that there was a large increase in and around Philadel- 
phia, which has always been a great manufacturing center, though the 
individual enterprises have been on a smaller scale than those of the 
great incorporated companies of the New England States. 

The census of 1850 gives no reliable information as to the amount 
of machinery then in operation or the number of operatives employed, 
but the production of cotton fabrics is given as 263,190,643 lbs. 

The business of cotton manufacture was by this time so firmly 
established as to be little affected by changes in legislation in regard 
to duties on the coarser fabrics required for domestic consumption, to 
which American machinery had been adapted ; and its progress was 
constant and steady for the next ten years, with constant improve- 
ments in the mechanical and economical appliances, and successive 
enlargements of the scale of operations ; and its growth from 1850 to 
1860 will fill our next chapter. 



58 



CHAPTER X. 

The earlier years of the next decade, until 1857, were marked by 
a continual and steady growth of the cotton manufacture ; the Amer- 
ican manufacturers and mechanics who visited the first International 
Exhibition in London in 1851 extended their tours to the manufactur- 
ing districts, and brought home many valuable ideas and economical 
improvements, which were rapidly introduced in all parts of the coun- 
try. The boldness of the scheme which created a waterfall at Law- 
rence, by the erection of a dam twenty-five feet in height and the 
formation of a mill-pond ten miles long, had stimulated an enterprise 
on a still larger scale — that of rendering available in a similar manner 
the enormous power of the Connecticut River at South Hadley, where 
there was a fall of sixty feet extending over some two miles, in a series 
of continuous rapids. To accomplish this purpose the Hadley Falls 
Company was incorporated by the Legislature of Massachusetts in 
1848, with a capital of $4,000,000, and operations were commenced by 
the purchase of about 1,200 acres of land on the west side of the river, 
near the princij^al fall, where a dam of timber, loaded with stone, with 
massive stone bulkheads, was constructed, 1,019 feet long and 30 feet 
high. The first attempt was unsuccessful, and the dam gave way 
under the pressure of the water as it was being completed ; but a sec- 
ond attempt fared better, although the wearing away of the sandstone 
bed of the river below the fall necessitated a reconstruction of the 
work in 1868, when an apron was built below the dam, so as to give 
the whole structure the form of a triangle, with a base of ninety feet 
and a perpendicular of thirt}'^, consisting of a heavy timber crib frame, 
bolted to the rock, filled with stone and covered with plank, while the 
crest was " armor-plated " with boiler iron. In the western bulkhead, 
operated by a turbine wheel, wei*e placed the gates which admitted 
to the upper canal, and from this the water was taken to a second, 
and then to a third, which discharged into the river at the lower end 
of the town. 

The fall from the upper to the middle canal was 20 feet, from the 



59 

middle one to the lower one 12 feet, and 20 feet to the river at the 
upper end, where part of the water was discharged, while it was from 
23 to 28 feet on the lower one, and the whole system was over four 
miles in total length, rendering available in all about 30,000 horse- 
power. 

The first dam was completed in 1849, and a machine shop (since 
converted into a cotton-thread mill) was constructed, in imitation of 
the original plan of Lowell, w^here a shop to build the machineiy for 
the mills was an absolute necessity and an integral part of the sys- 
tem, from the entire absence in the country at that time of any shops 
of sufficient cajjacity for the purpose. A machine shop (also since 
converted into a cotton mill) had been built at Lawrence, and it was 
the first thing done at the new town, now a city, of Holyoke. 

In 1852 the HamjDden Mill, of 16,000 spindles, was built, and in 
1853 the Lyman Mills, now containing 75,000 spindles, commenced 
operations. The crash of 1857 ruined the original company which 
built the dam and laid out the town, and the w^ater-power passed into 
the possession of the Holyoke Water-Power Company, and has since 
been largely utilized for the manufacture of paper and other indus- 
tries, Holyoke being now the great headquarters of the writing-paper 
business. 

At about the same date another company commenced the develoj)- 
ment of the water-power of the Androscoggin River at Lewiston, Me., 
where a high fall and a solid rock foundation rendei'ed operations 
much less expensive, and where manufacturing has been very suc- 
cessful. 

The first cotton mills to start here w^ere those of the Bates Manu- 
facturing Company, in 1852, since followed by others, the statistics 
of which will be given at length later in this memoir. 

In addition to these larger enterprises, the following establishments 
commenced operations between 1850 and 1860 : In Maine, the Cabot 
Manufacturing Company, of 35,000 spindles, at Brunswick, in 1857, and 
the Westbrook Manufacturing Company, at Saccarapa, 16,000 spindles, 
in 1858. In Massachusetts, the mills of the Hebron Manufacturing 
Company, at Attleboro, 37,000 spindles, in 1852 ; the Monument 
Mills, at Great Barrington, the same year ; the Lawrence Duck Com- 
pany, 7,500 spindles, at Lawrence, the Phoenix Company, 6,000 spin- 
dles, at Shii'ley, and the American Linen Company, at Fall River, 
originally projected for a flax mill, bat changed to cotton, now con- 
taining 83,000 spindles, in 1853 ; the Warren Cotton Mills, 13,500 
spindles, at West Warren, and the Ward Manufacturing Company, 
since changed to the Indian Orchard Mills, 16,000 spindles, at Spring- 
field, in 1854 — all on cotton exclusively, besides the Pacific Mills at 



60 

Lawrence, started in 1852 partially on cotton and worsted goods, as 
well as on calicoes, originally on a magnificent scale, and now one of 
the largest manufacturing establishments in the world. 

In Rhode Island during the same time were commenced the mills of 
the Franklin Company, at Olneyville, in 1850, 34,500 spindles ; the 
Valley Falls Company, at Lincoln, 35,000 spindles, and the Lippitt 
Company, 7,500 spindles, at Phoenix, in 1853 ; the Dyerville Compa- 
ny, 18,000 spindles, at Centredale, and the Clinton Mill, 16,000 spin- 
dles, at Woonsocket, in 1854 ; together with the Social Mills, since 
burnt and rebuilt, now 50,000 spindles, at Woonsocket, in 1855. 

Connecticut also shows a long list of mills, commencing with the 
Quinebaug Comi:)any, 34,000 spindles, at West Killingly, in 1851 ; the 
Smithville Manufacturing Company, at Willimantic, 17,000 spindles, 
and the Atlantic Duck Company, at Haddam, the same year ; the 
East Haddam Duck Company and the Wauregan Mills, now contain- 
ing 56,000 spindles, were begun in 1853 ; and the Williams Duck 
Company, at Haddam, in 1854, the duck manufacturing companies 
being all small establishments. In 1856 the A. & W.. Sprague Manu- 
facturing Company built their great Baltic Mill, of 75,000 spindles, 
for the manufacture of print cloths, at the village of Sprague ; .and in 
1857 the Willimantic Linen Company, so called, but devoted to the 
maniifacture of sewing-cotton, commenced operations, and now em- 
ploys 45,000 spindles on that product. The Dunham Conipany, of 
Willimantic, with 6,000 spindles, was started in 1858, and the Wil- 
liamsville Manufacturing Company, with 12,500 spindles, at West 
Killingly, and the Elliottville Manufacturing Company, at East Kil- 
lingly, 3,800 spindles, in 1859. The Attawaugan Company, also at 
Killingly, 17,000 spindlfes, began in 1860. 

A part, however, of the above named establishments commenced 
operations with a smaller number of spindles than they are now cred- 
ited with, having received large additions since the date of starting. 

The Newburgh Steam Mills, at Newburgh, N. Y., were commenced 
in 1850, and the Harmony Mills,' at Cohoes, reorganized, as before 
noted. 

The Indiana Cotton Mills, at Cannelton, Ind., with 10,800 spindles, 
commenced in 1855, and the St. Louis Cotton Factory, at St. Louis, 
Mo., with 10,500 spindles, in 1857. 

The financial difficulties of the latter year checked any further 
rapid development until after the close of the civil war in 1865, and 
proved fatal to the great enterprise at Holyoke, causing a great loss of 
capital to the original projectors, as well as to those of many of the 
other new establishments which had just commenced operations. 

The great mechanical invention of the period was that of the " self- 



61 

stripping " card, which was brought into successful use about the year 
1857. Various experiments had been made both in this country and 
in Europe to accomplish the object of cleansing the " top-flats " or 
cards from the constantly -accumulating waste, consisting of short cot- 
ton, bits of seed-husk, leaf, etc., by some automatic process while the 
card was in operation, thus avoiding loss of time and securing more 
systematic, regular, and pei'fect cleaning, while dispensing with a large 
amount of hand labor. This result was finally accomplished by two 
inventors, wor)iing separately, but whose patents were finally united 
in 1867, forming the card as in oi'dinary use to-day. 

George Wellman, of Lowell, Mass., received letters patent Decem- 
ber 6, 1853, for a system of mechanism for elevating, cleaning, and 
returning to their places the top-cards or flats, and also for moving the 
vibrating frame, which accomplished this purpose from flat to flat, or 
from one to the second flat from it in the series. 

Horace Woodman, of Biddeford, Me., received letters patent on the 
1st of August, 1854:, for a system of mechanism for the same purj)ose, 
but differing somewhat from that of Wellman. 

Wellman took out a second patent, for an improved machine, 
March 18, 1856, and a third one January 27, 1857. 

Woodman also received a second patent July 8, 1856, and a third 
December 1, 1857. As might naturally be expected, where the object 
to be effected was so positive and confined, these different patents in- 
terfered with each other essentially, and, after much litigation, the 
matter was compromised oy a union of the two in 1867, as noted. 
This invention has come into general use, and has not only proved 
more effectual in producing perfect work, but more economical in 
wear and tear of card clothing, as well as in labor. 

Another valuable invention, but of less general application,- was the 
seamless bag loom, invented by Cyrus W. Baldwin, of Manchester, 
N. H., in 1851, in which, after weaving the necessary length of bag in 
a tubular form, by a simple automatic change of cams,. the harnesses 
were shifted in such a manner as to weave an inch or more of solid 
double cloth, thus forming the bottom of the bag, and then returned 
to their original position in the same manner, without stoppage or dis- 
arrangement of the machinery or need of manual assistance. 

The parallel motion for the picker-staffs of looms was also brought 
into use about this time, the first one having been invented by W. W. 
Dutcher, of Hoped ale, Mass., in 1853, soon followed by several others. 
This was a valuable invention, as saving a large expenditure for 
" pickers " and " picker-strings," and in some form or another is in 
general use. 

The " shuttle-guard " of H. D. Robbing, patented in 1852, and the 



62 

improved oiler of I. R. Scott, aftei-ward improved by W. H. Thomp- 
son, are also desei'ving of notice. 

In connection with the improvement in cards should be mentioned 
the railway evener, invented by D. W. Hayden, of Willimantic, 
Conn., in 1850, and afterward improved by Newell Wyllis, of Glas- 
tonbury, and still later by Messrs. George Draper & Sons, of Hope- 
dale, Mass. This valuable invention, applied to the railway-head, 
which receives the sliver from a system of six or more cards, being 
driven by a belt woi'king on a pair of cone-jDulleys, changed the 
draught of the rolls in the head whenever the sliver was broken down 
from any of the cards, by means of a " trumpet," through which the 
combined sliver passed, and which operated a level*, shifting the belt 
on the pulleys, thus causing the sliver delivered to be of uniform size. 

In 1860 the large machine shop at Lawrence, Mass., built by the 
Essex Comj^any, and afterward known as the La^vl•ence Machine Shop, 
was converted into a cotton mill, and has since been known as the 
Everett Mills ; and the Pemberton Mills, at the same place, originally 
built in 1853, which had been destroyed by an accident, with horrible 
loss of life, the previous year, were rebuilt ; and both these mills were 
applied to the manufacture of colored fabrics, such as cottonades and 
dress-goods. 

These are the principal enterprises of this period, during which the 
number of spindles had increased, as shown by the census of 1860, to 
5,035,798, and the pounds of cotton woi-ked to 450,877,823, while the 
crop of cotton raised in 1859 had reached the enormous amount of over 
4,000,000 bales, or 1,850,000,000 pounds, of which we consumed about 
one quarter, while the rest found a ready market at high prices in 
Europe, and the enormous profits realized by its cultivation gave rise 
to political results which for a time convulsed the world and bid fair 
to destroy the republic. 



63 



CHAPTER XI. 

It is not within the purposes of this article to enter on the discus- 
sion of political questions, but this enormous and rapid growth of the 
cotton manufacture was unquestionably one of the principal causes 
which brought about the great American Civil War. 

The superiority of the staple of American cotton had made it the 
favorite in the markets of the world, and the demand for it seemed to 
be practically unlimited. The profits of its cultivation were great, 
and every acre of the cotton-growing States that could be made avail- 
able was devoted to this purpose. " Cotton is king " was the watch- 
word of the planters, and so fully were they convinced of the truth of 
this fallacy that they dreamed of a new empire to be devoted to the 
cultivation of cotton by slave labor, and to be attained by the disrup- 
tion of the existing union with the manufacturing and food-growing 
States of the North and West. 

The question of slavery had long been a serious difficulty between 
the North and the South, and, as it was fully believed in the latter 
region that this important staple could only be raised by slave labor, 
the planters regarded any opposition to the system or its extension as 
an attack upon their most vital interests, while the North, regarding 
it as both morally and economically wrong and injurious, had planted 
itself firmly against its introduction into the unorganized territories 
belonging to the nation. 

The election of a president on this basis, of opposition to the fur- 
ther extension of slavery, served the South as a casus belli, and, be- 
lieving that cotton must be had, and that they were sure of the 
support and assistance of European manufacturers, the cotton-growing 
States took the responsibility of attempting the dissolution of the 
Union. 

It is needless to say that the result has been very different from 

the anticipation, and that the crop of cotton cultivated by free labor 

is now greater than before the war, having reached 4,500,000 bales, 

and continually increasing, although the whole system has been 

13 



64 

changed, and the crop is now raised by small land-holders or tenants 
of land, in connection with food-crops, as a staple " money-article," 
for the supply of their clothing and other wants beyond their own pro- 
duction, instead of in large lots by the owners of great plantations, 
who depended on the profits of their cotton to supply all their other 
wants, even buying much of the food consumed by their families and 
laborers. The greatest increase in the crop has been in the State of 
Texas, where the most white labor has been employed, and the " farm 
system," as in contrast to the "plantation," most fully developed, 
amounting- to over 80 per cent, more than before the war, the last 
crop of the State having been nearly 700,000 bales. 

The introduction of the new system has of course been attended 
with more or less difficulty to the manufacturer, wno can not now go 
into the market and purchase one or two hundred bales of cotton of 
the growth of one plantation and of uniform quality ; but care on the 
part of the buyer and skill in mixing his cotton on that of the manu- 
facturer render it one of no very great importance. 

The outbreak of the war in 1861 stopped all further extension of 
the manufacture for a time, and utterly prostrated the business. 
Many cotton mills sold their stock on hand, and put in more or less 
woolen machinery, to supply the anticij)ated demand for army cloth- 
ing, or in doubt whether they should ever see any more cotton ; while 
other shrewder manufacturers bought the cotton thus sold, and piled 
it up, until the demand for cotton cloths rendered its manufacture 
enormously profitable ; but it was a long time before matters resumed 
their normal condition. 

The necessities of the South, however, drove them into manufac- 
turing to a small extent, and in 1864 the Augusta Cotton Factory, of 
23,000 spindles, was commenced ; and since the close of the war the 
number of spindles at the South has been increasing, although the de- 
ficiency of capital and skilled labor prevents very rapid progress. 
Still Virginia, North and" South Carolina, and Georgia have begun to 
utilize their valuable water-powers to some extent, and something has 
been done in Alabama, Kentucky, and Mississippi. 

After about two years of uncertainty, the manufacturing districts 
began to take courage, and business was again resumed partially ; to 
be revived with increased vigor at the close of the war in 1865, when 
the country had become pretty thoroughly drained of its stock of cot- 
ton fabrics ; and while many of the existing mills increased their 
number of spindles to a great extent, the following new enterprises of 
note were commenced — one or two of them during the war, but the 
greater number after its closej In 1861 the Webster Mills, at Sun- 
cook village in Pembroke, N. H., which had been previously planned, 



/ 



65 

were started, with 30,000 spindles, in 1862 the Coventry Company, at 
Anthony, R. I., with 10,700 spindles, and the Grafton Mills, at Graf- 
ton, Mass., with 12,400 spindles ; in 1863 the Ashland Company, 
20,000 spindles, at Jewett City, Conn.; the Central Mills, 10,600 spin- 
dles, at Southbridge, Mass. ; and the Oriental Mills, at Providence, R. 
I., with 15,000 spindles ; while the machine shop of the Hadley Falls 
Company, at Holyoke, was converted into a mill for th^ manufacture 
of spool cotton, and reorganized as the Hadley Company, with 30,000 
spindles. In 1864 the Providence Steam Mill, at Providence, R. I., 
began with 21,000 spindles ; the Reynolds Manufacturing Company, 
at Bristol, R. I., with 10,750 spindles^ the Augusta Factory, at Au- 
gusta, Ga., 23,000 spindles ; and the Indianapolis Manufacturing Com- 
pany, of Indiana, with 4,000 spindles. The year 1865 saw the start 
of the Whitestone Company, at East Killingly, Conn., with 8,000 
spindles ; the Danielsonville Company, at West Killingly, 16,000 spin- 
dles ; the Putnam Mills, at Putnam, Conn., 18,600 spindles ; the Mer- 
rick Thread Company, at Holyoke, Mass., 12,000 spindles ; the Harris 
Manufacturing Company, Coventry, R. I., 14,000 spindles ; the Orion 
Manufacturing Company, East Greenwich, R. I., 15,000 spindles ; the 
Rockville Manufacturing Company, Rockville, R. I., 8,000 spindles ; 
the United States Flax Manufacturing Company (on cotton goods, 
however), at Pawtucket, 30,000 spindles ; the Fletcher Manufacturing 
Company, at Providence, 17,000 spindles ; and the Warren Manufac- 
turing Company, at AVarren, Md., 6,000 spindles. In 1866 the Wil- 
liston Mills, at East Hampton, Mass., went into operation, with 30,000 
spindles ; the Williamstown Manufacturing Company, at Williams- 
town, Mass., 14,600 spindles ; and the Empire Manufacturing Com- 
pany, Paterson, K J., 3,000 spindles. In 1867 the A. & W. Sprague 
Manufacturing Company built a large mill at Augusta, Me., making, 
with the old mill on the spot, which they purchased, a total of 40,000 
spindles ; and the dam across the Kennebec River at that point was 
rebuilt, affording a magnificent water-power, which has not as yet 
been further developed. The Renfrew Manufacturing Company, at 
South Adams, Mass., with 27,000 spindles, was commenced the same 
year, and the Smithfield Manufacturing Company, 11,000 spindles, at 
Hyde Park, Mass. In Vermont the Vermont Mills at Bennington, 
7,000 spindles, and the Burlington Cotton Company, at Winooski 
Falls, were started. Another large Southern enterprise also dates 
from this year — the Eagle and Phoenix Manufacturing Company, at 
Columbus, Ga., with 22,000 spindles ; and in 1868 the Frankfort Cot- 
ton Mills, at Frankfort, Ky., were commenced. The year 18G9 records 
the beginning of the Lowell Hosiery Company, 10,400 spindles, at 
Lowell, Mass.; the China Mills, 50,000 spindles, at Suncook, N. H.; 



Q6 

the Mt. Vernon Manufacturing Company, at Alexandria, Va., 4,000 
spindles ; and the Marshall Manufacturing Company, with 6,000 spin- 
dles, at Manchester, Va. In 1870 the Slater Cotton Company, at 
Pawtucket, R. I., 20,000 spindles ; the Whitin Manufacturing Com- 
pany, Northbridge, Mass., 16,000 spindles ; the Morse Mills, Putnam, 
Conn., 10,000 spindles ; and the gigantic Ponemah Mill, of 72,000 
spindles, at Taftville, in Norwich, Conn., were commenced. 

This closes the list of the more important manufacturing establish- 
ments commenced during the decade, during which the increase of 
spindles, as shown by the census of 1870, was very great, and was to 
continue for three years longer, although, owing to the substitution of 
lighter fabrics, on account of the scarcity and high price of cotton, 
the number of pounds worked was slightly less than in 1860, being 
447,216,000 pounds, while the spindles had increased to 7,114,000. 

There is no American invention of any remarkable importance till 
the close of this period ; but a very great advance had been made by 
the adoption of the "slasher" dresser, which was introduced from 
England at the Androscoggin Mills, Lewiston, by Mr. A. D. Lock- 
wood, in 1867. The distinctive feature in this machine consisted in 
the use of hot size, through which the warp was passed, and then 
dried at once over large cans or cylinders, made of copper or galvan- 
ized iron, instead of being passed through cold starch, usually fer- 
mented, and dried by the air as it passed to be wound on the beam for 
the loom. Previous trials of machines on this principle had been made 
in this country, one known as the "tape-dressing" machine having 
been imported by Mr William A. Burke, then superintendent of the 
Lowell Machine Shop, in 1851 ; but whether from imperfection in the 
yarn, or prejudice on the part of the operatives, none of the experi- 
ments were successful until the arrival of the machine imported by 
Mr. Lockwood. 

One of these machines, as built by Messrs. Howard & Bullough, of 
Accrington, Lancashire, proved capable of doing the work of ten of 
the old style of dressers, or from 300 to 500 pieces per day ; while the 
expense per yard was only about one fifth of that of the old manner, 
and the warp was more thoroughly sized, so that the new " slashers," 
as they were called, were soon introduced in every direction. 

There had been many minor improvements in warpers, spoolers, 
and looms, but spinning had remained without any essential change 
since the introduction of the ring spindle, in 1836, by Wm. Mason, 
and of the self-acting mule in 1840, by the importation of the Sharp 
& Roberts mule, and the invention by Mr. Wm. Mason, of an essen- 
tially different machine in construction, but capable of accomplishing 
the same purpose, about the same time. The ring spindle had taken 



67 

the place of the flier throstle, in nearly all the new mills, and with a 
saving of 20 per cent, of the power, but had not been materially 
changed from its first form, unless to make it heavier so as to run 
steadier, until 1870, when a great alteration was made in it by Oliver 
Pearl, of Lawrence, Mass., producing very important results and ma- 
terially reducing the cost of i^roduction. This may perhaps be best 
understood by Mr. Pearl's own description, in his patent issued May 
3, 1870, viz. : 

" My invention relates, ^rs^, to certain improvements in the construc- 
tion of bobbins having frictional or adhesive bearings uniting them to 
the spindle and carried by it, the object of this part of my invention 
being to make a very light bobbin, and strengthen its various parts so 
that it will not be easily crushed or broken ; second, to an improved 
construction, and combination of both the bobbin and the ring-spindle, 
so that they can be successfully used with greater advantages of 
length of traverse, speed, and steadiness of rotation than heretofore 
attained, and at the same time be much lighter, the object of this part 
of my invention being to greatly diminish the amount of power re- 
quired to drive the spindle at any given speed, and increase its effi- 
cient operation at the same time." 

After describing the ordinary spindle and bobbin, he says of his 
own : " This bobbin is made with a thin and light shell or barrel of 
wood, and has a lower adhesive or frictional bearing, k, and a middle 
one, i, and is also bushed at the upper end by a plug, re-inforce, or 
bushing, I • and the bearings, k and ^, and the bushing, I, are united to 
and combined with the shell of the bobbin, and strengthen it in all 
directions from being broken. The adhesive or frictional bearings, k 
and ^, are made to sustain the bobbin on the spindle in one position 
with relation to the latter, and so as to enable the spindle to carry the 
bobbin with it in its rotation. 

" My improved spindle, instead of extending substantially to the 
upper end of the bobbin, as heretofore, is only made long enough 
above the upper bolster to enable the adhesive bearing i at the center 
of the bobbin to hold the latter firmly upon it. I am thus enabled to 
remove a large portion of the blade of the spindle above the bolster ; 
and the tube of the bobbin projecting beyond the shortened blade of 
the spindle, resting, by its adhesive central bearing, upon the latter, 
and being both light and rigid, retains its length and the position 
which it had before the spindle blade was shortened, while the 
traverse of the frame and the length of the bobbin remain as before. 

" By thus dispensing with the length and weight at the top of the 
spindle above the bolster, while the length of bobbin and the traverse 
of the frame remain as before relatively, I am enabled to lighten the 



68 

lower part of the spindle and wheel below the bolster many times the 
weight taken from its blade above, without destroying the proper 
balance of the spindle and its consequent steadiness of motion ; and by 
these means I accomplish the ultimate effect, which is the purpose of 
this improvement, of enabling the spindle to be run steadily at high 
speed with much less power than heretofore, thus diminishing the 
expense and increasing the production at the same time." 

I have been thus particular in giving Mr. Pearl's own description of 
his invention, as he was soon followed by others, who aimed at 
accomplishing the same result by different methods, but the claims of 
some of whom, infringing more or less on those of Mr. Pearl, are now 
the subject of legal adjudication. The effect of the improvement was 
decided and positive, the new spindle ran at the same speed with the 
old one, with a saving of one third of the power required to carry it, 
and was also capable of being run at a higher speed than had been 
possible before this invention. 

The old spindle was limited to a speed of about 6,000 revolutions per 
minute, and was seldom used at even that speed, probably averaging 
about 5,500 revolutions in ordinary practice, while the new one was 
capable of being driven to 6,500 or even to 7,000 revolutions without 
extra vibration or loss of power. 

Part of this saving was due to the diminution in weight of the 
spindle, which had been reduced from 12 ozs. to about 5 ozs., but 
more to its smaller diameter, giving a shorter length of fi'ictional sur- 
face in the bearings, opj^osed to the lateral tension of the driving 
band ; but a great deal of it was due to the improvement in the bob- 
bin, which was reduced from 1 oz. or 1^ oz. in weight to about 
^ oz. ; thus, with the shortening of the top of the spindle, materially 
reducing the vibratory weight, carried above the upper bearing or 
"bolster." 

The new bobbin was more expensive than the old one, but, from the 
peculiarities of its construction, was necessarily more accurately and 
carefully made, and more mathematically "true," and less liable to 
warp, and spring from its form of a true cylinder. 

As, according to the mathematical law, the vibration of a spindle is 
as the cube of its length above the point of support, divided by the 
cube of its diameter, this disturbing element, which caused much of 
the friction, and thereby absorbed a large proportion of the power, 
was materially reduced by the new invention. 

Mr. Pearl commenced his experiments on this spindle and bobbin in 
1868, but did not take out his patent until 1870. 

He was soon followed by Jacob H. Sawyer, of Lowell, who, on the 
11th of April, 1871, received letters patent for an improved spindle, 



69 

which was a further step in carrying out the same mechanical law, by 
placing his uj)per bearing or " bolster " at the top of a tube, supported 
from the "bolster-rail," and chambering out the lower half of the 
bobbin, so that it would drop freely over this tube ; thus placing the 
point of support very nearly in the center of the bobbin vertically, 
and still further diminishing the length, and consequent vibration, 
above the point of support. 

In both cases, the " blade " of the spindle or that part above the 
bolster was slightly tapered, and in Mr. Pearl's case the bobbin was 
driven by the adhesion to it of two bushings, one at the bottom, and 
one half way up the bobbin, while in Mr. Sawyer's spindle the bush- 
ings were respectively at the center and the top, or entirely in the 
upper half of the bobbin, which in Mr. Pearl's invention projected 
above the top of the spindle. 

A difficulty was soon found with the Sawyer spindle, from the in- 
ability to oil the bolster bearing while in operation, which was 
obviated by Mr. George Draper — who purchased the patent, or a part 
of it — by the application of a bolster tube having a spiral groove cut 
internally, so as to carry up the oil steadily and constantly from a sup- 
ply at the bottom, to the bearing at the top, while the spindle was in 
revolution. This spiral bolster was patented January 14, 1873, and 
proved successful. 

The natural result of Mr. Sawyer's invention was to make a still 
further increase in the capability of speed attainable by the spindle, 
and reduction of the power required, over that reached by Mr. Pearl, 
although the spindle, including its bearings, was necessarily more ex- 
pensive in construction; but both forms are being very extensively in- 
troduced, as might be expected, when we consider that one half, or 
nearly so, of the whole power of a cotton mill was required for the 
spinning, and that of this power one third was saved over the old 
style of Ring spindle, and one half over the Flier spindle by their 
adoption, the saving being rather greater with the Sawyer spindle than 
with the Pearl spindle, for the reason that its diameter is usually 
less. 

Another form of light spindle, invented by Richard Garsed, of Phila- 
delphia, was introduced by the Bridesburg Manufacturing Company, 
in 1872. It consisted like the others of a short spindle, but the bob- 
bin had no adhesive bearings, being driven by a clutch at the bottom, 
which engaged on a square shoulder cut on the spindle just above the 
bolster ; and, the spindle being straight, the bobbin was so bored as 
just to drop freely on it to its bearings. 

Another feature about this spindle was the use of a "loose 
bolster," patented by Barton H. Jenks, of Philadelphia, which was 



70 

held by a screw from turning around in the " rail," but had just 
enough play to allow it to align itself to the spindle. 

This not only prevented the spindle from being cramped between 
the upper and lower bearings, but avoided the friction caused by the 
revolution of a body liable to vibration, in a rigid bearing, to some ex- 
tent. This form of spindle, although not possessing the advantages of 
the Sawyer plan, where a very large and heavy bobbin of yarn was to 
be carried, has proved itself very useful with light bobbins, especially 
for weft or filling, as there can be no loss of twist in the yarn, from 
the bobbins working loose upon the spindle, and as the size of the 
weft bobbin is limited by the capacity of the shuttle. The saving of 
power within the range of its capacity is about the same as with the 
Sawyer spindle. 

Still another pattern, the " Rabbeth " spindle, is a modification of a 
spindle patented in 1867 by Messrs. Rabbeth & Atwood, of Birming- 
ham, Conn. 

The original spindle was intended for use in the manufacture of 
silk, and had a sleeve or shield, extending downward below the flange 
on which the bobbin was set, and by means of pins in which it was 
driven, for the purpose of protecting the silk from any oil which 
might be thrown out from the bolster by the revolution of the 
spindle. 

The spindle itself was dropped into a tube filled with oil, at the bot- 
tom of which was the step, or lower bearing. The spindle thus re. 
volved in oil, which was prevented from getting on the silk by the 
sleeve or shield above mentioned. As this tube pi*evented the applica- 
tion of the whorl to the spindle in the usual manner, it was attached 
to the bottom of the sleeve. 

This form of spindle was modified by Mr. Rabbeth in 1872, by the 
use of a bolster similar to Mr. Sawyer's, and the reduction of the 
sleeve in diameter, so as to permit the chambered bobbin to drop 
down upon and be driven by it. 

This brings the bobbin, spindle, and bolster in relatively the same 
mechanical position as in the Sawyer patent, but differs in having the 
lower part of the spindle constantly immersed in and revolving in oil, 
thus needing less frequent attention. This spindle has also been in- 
troduced to a considerable extent, with nearly the same results in 
economy of power as the others. 

Several other light spindles have been experimented with, but have 
proved to be an infringement on one or the other of the above forms, 
the rights of which as among themselves have not yet been entirely 
adjudicated, but of which in all almost 2,000,000 have been put in 
operation, the Sawyer spindle so far showing the greatest number. 



n 

The saving of power resulting from their use has proved of great 
value to mills, where steam was employed for that purpose, as well as 
to those driven by water, on the many privileges where the supply was 
short during the summer months. 

The subject of opening and picking cotton also received much at- 
tention about this time. Various machines had been employed for 
this purpose, the most of them of English origin, prominent among 
which was the one known as the Creighton Willow, which opened the 
cotton very successfully but delivered it in loose masses, on the floor, 
and was very liable to accident from fire. 

Messrs. Lord, of Todmorden, England, and others, and Kitson, of 
Lowell, Mass., turned their attention to machines which should not 
only open the cotton from the bale, but form it at one operation into 
a preparatory lap, for the second machine. These machines came into 
general use, on account of the thorough way in which they did the 
work, and their immunity from fire, but were objectionable from 
the great amount of power required to operate them, and were also 
supposed by some to injure the staple of the cotton. 

This form was originally introduced in England during our Civil 
War, when the English spinners had to depend largely on short- 
stapled and dirty East Indian cotton, and answered their purpose 
admirably, but did not seem to be so well suited to the longer stapled 
American varieties. I have referred to their operation in the supple- 
mentary chapter, in the notice of Kitson's improvements. On the 20th 
of December, 18T0, an improved opener was patented by Messrs. Palmer 
& Jillson of Willimantic, Conn., in which the rigid beater blade was 
replaced by a series of hinged fingers, hung on rods parallel with the 
axis of the beater, and which, while striking the cotton with a blow 
like a flail, as it was delivered by the feed rolls, would yield partially 
to the resistance of an unusually heavy clot or mass due to dampness 
in the cotton, and great pressure in the packing. There were, how- 
ever, objections to the operation of this machine, as the j^oints of the 
fingers which struck the cotton tended to draw it out into " strings," 
so called, and this difiiculty was obviated by the improvement of 
Messrs. Whitehead & Atherton, of Lowell. Patented in 1871, 1872, 
1873, 1874 and 1875. 

This improvement consisted in uniting the ends of every pair of 
fingers by a cross-bar, thus forming a continuous line of short beaters, 
each about five inches long, and hinged on the above-mentioned rods. 
This " WhipjDer" as it was called avoided the objection to the Jillson 
& Palmer " finger," cleaned the cotton from seeds as thoroughly as 
the rigid beater, or even more so, required much less power in opera- 
tion, and caused less injury to the staple. This machine of Messrs. 



72 

Whitehead & Atherton has been very widely and successfully intro- 
duced, and has led to the improvements already mentioned by Mr. 
Kitson, in which the lumps or masses of cotton are torn apart or 
loosened before reaching the beater, whose office it is to remove the 
seed. Both the improved opener of Mr. Kitson and the Whipper 
opener of Whitehead & Atherton are now being introduced in Eng- 
land, and giving entire satisfaction, the Whitehead & Atherton ma- 
chine having proved itself especially adapted to long-stapled cotton, 
or to cotton which has been previously dyed. 

Another variation introduced by Kitson was the substitution of a 
series of toothed feed rolls, increasing in speed, like those in a drawing 
frame, by which the cotton was torn apart, and then blown through a 
dust-trunk, before reaching the regular feed-rolls of the beater. 

In either way, the improvement in the manner of opening cotton 
from the bale has been very great. 

The city of Fall River made its great increase in manufacturing 
at this period, and a number of new and large mills were erected, 
almost entirely devoted to the manufacture of print-cloths, the demand 
for which was very great, and the price of which had risen to 8 cts, 
per yard, or 50 cts. per lb., giving a very large profit. These mills 
were, to some extent, filled with English machinery, the roving frames, 
mules and dressers being generally imported, but the cards and 
looms were of American manufacture. > A reference to the table of 
statistics of Fall River will show the date at which these new mills 
were built, and the rapidity of their increase, which, with that of 
other places, resulted in 18T3 in overstocking the home market with 
cotton goods. Another result also followed from the large increase 
in mule spindles. 

These machines were usually accompanied by foreign operatives, 
who brought with them all their foreign prejudices, as well as their skill 
at their trade, and soon attempted, by trades-union management, to fix 
the price of labor and dictate to the mill owners, by means of a 
"strike"; in which, as usual, the operatives came out the losers, after 
stopping the mills for many weeks. The labor of these weeks was 
not only lost, but the attention of manufacturers has been turned to 
the production of weft as well as warp yarns, by the improved 
light ring spindle instead of the mule. This is now the subject of ex- 
periment by various inventors, and has nearly passed the stage where 
it can be called experimental. It has been satisfactorily proved that 
a soft weft yarn can be spun on either the Sawyer, Pearl, Garsed, or 
Rabbeth spindles, at as low a cost as on the mule, by a more docile 
and manageable class of operatives, and with the advantage of pro- 
ducing an equal amount of yarn, with one half the quantity of room 



73 

in the mill. Many large establishments are trying one or more of 
these different spindles, and it seems very probable that their substitu- 
tion for the mule will be gradually effected, when the best form of 
spindle is decided upon. 

Besides the great increase at Fall River, the following manufac- 
turing establishments of note commenced operations during this 
period, 1871, in Massachusetts. The Potomska Mill at New Bedford, 
44,000 spindles ; the Freeman Manufacturing Company, 17,000 
spindles, at North Adams, in 1874 ; and the Johnson Company at the 
same place with 6,000 spindles. In Connecticut, in 1872, the Powhat- 
tan Manufacturing Company, 17,000 spindles, and the Mawhansett 
Company, 12,400 spindles, at Putnam ; and the Fitchville Manufactur- 
ing Company, 13,000, at Bozrah ; in Rhode Island, the Green Manu- 
facturing Company, 23,000 spindles, at Phoenix ; in 1872, the Man- 
ville Mill, of 70,000 spindles, at Manville ; the Moss's Manufacturing 
Company at Westerly, 10,000 spindles ; and the Ballou Mill of 50,000 
spindles at Woonsocket, in 1873. 

In New York, the Lake George Manufacturing Company, 10,000 
spindles at Ticonderoga, in 1872. 

In Maine, the Barker Mill, at Auburn, 18,000 spindles in 1872, fol- 
lowed by the Lock wood Mill of 32,000 spindles, at Waterville, in 1875. 

In Vermont, the North Pownal Manufacturing Company, 16,000 
spindles in 1873. In New Jersey, the Millville Manufacturing Com- 
pany, 30,000 spindles in 1873, and Messrs. R. & H. Adams & Com- 
pany, 24,000 spindles at Paterson in 1872. 

■= Michigan, the Jonesville Manufacturing Company, 5,000 spindles 
in 1872. 

Illinois, the Chicago Manufacturing Company, 5,000 spindles in 
1871, and the Rock Island Manufacturing Company, 5,000 spindles in 
1872. 

Tennessee, the Brownsville Manufacturing Company, 3,000 spindles 
in 1874, and the Tennessee Manufacturing Company at Nashville, 
14,000 spindles in 1875. 

"Wisconsin, the Janesville Manufacturing Company of 10,000 spin- 
dles in 1874. 

North Carolina, the Oakdale Manufacturing Company, 4,000 spin- 
dles at Greensboro in 1873, and the Rockfish Manufacturing Company 
at Fayetteville the same year, 4,500 spindles. 

South Carolina shows the Graniteville Manufacturing Company of 
23,000 spindles, commenced at an earlier date, the Langley Manufac- 
turing Company at Langley, 10,000 spindles, and the Camperdown 
Manufacturing Company at Greenville, in 1875, 14,000 spindles. 

In Georgia, the Arkwright Manufacturing Company of Savannah, 



74 

f 4,000 spindles in 1873, and some additions of spindles to other pre- 
viously built mills. 

Alabama — the Tallassee Mauufaeturing Company of 18,000 spin- 
dles. 

At the present moment efforts are being made for a further exten- 
sion of manufactures at the South, but the want of capital renders it 
very difficult to make much progress. 

A large mill has been projected, and commenced at Atlanta, and 
the Eagle and Phoenix Company of Columbus, Ga., are building a new 
M mill, and other projects are under discussion, but at the North the gen- 
eral feeling is that there are spindles enough to supply the present de- 
mand for home consumption, and that further increase must depend on 
the natural growth of the country, and the further development of our 
export trade, which was severely crippled during the Civil War, and 
to the revival of which the serious attention of our manufacturers and 
merchants is now being turned. 



75 



CHAPTER XII. 

The number of spindles in the United States in 1874 had reached 
to 9,415,383, distributed as follows : 

Total Number of Cotton Spindles in the United States, July 1, 1874. 

Maine 609,898 

New Hampshire 855,189 

Vermont 58,948 

Massachusetts. 3,769,692 

Connecticut 908,202 

Rhode Island 1,336,843 

New York 580,917 

New Jersey , 1 50,000 

Pennsylvania 452,064 

Delaware 47,976 

Maryland 110,000 

Ohio 20,000 

Indiana 22,988 

Minnesota 3,400— 8,927,754 

Alabama 57,594 

Arkansas. 1,256 

Georgia 137,380 

Kentucky 10,500 

Louisiana 15,000 

Mississippi 15,150 

Missouri 18,656 

North Carolina 55,498 

South Carolina 62,872 

Tennessee 47,658 

Texas 10,225 

Virginia. 56,490- 487,629 

Total number of spindles • 9,415,383 

Number of mills ^^' 

Number of looms • 186,975 

Number of spindles, 1874 9,415,383 

Number of spindles, 1870 7,114,000 

Increase in four years 2,301,383 

and the cotton consumed to 1,220,000 bales, or 567,583,873 lbs., which 
was divided among the following products, viz.: Threads, yarns and 



76 

twines, 149,000,000 lbs. ; sheetings and shirtings, 707,000,000 yards ; 
drills, jeans, flannels, etc., 306,000,000 yards ; print cloths, 588,000,000 
yards ; ginghams, 33,000,000 yards ; duck, 30,000,000 yards ; bags, 
6,000,000. 

As print-cloths, as before stated, had been for a few years an arti- 
cle of great demand, it must be inferred that there had been a corre- 
sponding increase in printing machinery, although a portion of the 
cloths Avere finished as bleached and dyed cambrics, and a large 
amount consumed for various purposes, such as lining trunks, cheese- 
boxes, etc., etc., and the following table, taken from the New York 
" Journal of Commerce," is believed to be correct : 

Print Works and Number of Printing Machines in the United States, January 1, 

1876. 

Woonsocket Co., Providence, R I 12 

American, Fall River, Mass 16 

Bay State, Fall River, Mass 6 

Albion, Coneschocken, Pa 6 

Ancona, Gloucester, N. J . . 10 

A. & W. Sprague, Cranston, R. 1 30 

Cocheco, Dover, N. H 13 

Clyde, River Point, R. 1 7 

Bunnell, Pawtucket, R.I 11 

Dundee (Reed & Barry), Passaic, N. J 1 

Freeman, North Adams, Mass 7 

Garner & Co. , Haverstraw, N. J 20 

Garner & Co., Wappinger's Falls, N. Y. , 20 

Gloucester, Gloucester, N. J 12 

Greenwich, East Greenwich, R. 1 7 

Hamilton, Lowell, Mass 8 

Hunter 8 

Hartel, Holraesdale, Pa 6 

Hamilton Woolen Co. (Knickerbocker), Southbridge 6 

Harvey, Arnold & Co., North Adams, Mass 8 

Wm. H. Locke, Passaic, N. J 7 

Lodi, Lodi, N. J 3 

Manchester, Manchester, N. H 14 

Mystic, Medford, Mass 2 

Merrimack, Lowell, Mass 18 

Oriental, Apponaug, R. I 9 

Pacific, Lawrence, Mass 22 

Richmond, Providence, R. 1 7 

Simpson, Philadelphia, Pa 13 

Scott (Franklin), Paterson, N. J 7 

Saunders, Southbridge, Mass 4 

Smith, Philadelphia, Pa 1 

William, Bustleton, Pa 4 

Total 331 



11 

Allowing each machine to produce 200 pieces per day, a fair aver- 
age, for 40 weeks in the year, this would give a total of 14,400,000 
pieces printed annually, of which almost the whole has been used at 
home, our exports of prints being very small. 

Within the last two years a portion of the Fall River production 
of cloths has been sent to England, where they have probably been 
printed, and distributed to other markets, with which we have not 
established an export trade, or with which our commerce was inter- 
rupted during the war. 

The American calicoes at the Exhibition were very highly com- 
mended by the Foreign Judges, and were considered to be fully equal 
in design, color and execution to those exhibited by any other country, 
although there was no representation of the higher grades of more ex- 
pensive goods from France. 

The manufacture of ginghams, cottonades, and other cotton 
fabrics dyed in the yarn, has also been very widely extended, and the 
goods of the York, Amoskeag, Lancaster, Bates, Everett, Pemberton, 
Whittenton, Renfrew, and Glasgow Companies, in New England, are 
well known and appreciated, as are also those of a number of smaller 
establishments in the Philadelphia district. 

Fine lawns and muslins have been made to some extent, although, 
as has been stated previously, the great bulk of cotton manufactures 
have been of yarns between No. 14 and No. 40, The manufacture of 
cotton duck for sails and tents is an American invention, and received 
great extension during the Civil War, and is widely scattered over the 
Eastern and Middle States. 

Spool cotton is also made in great quantities, the more notable 
brands being those of the Willimantic Company, at Willimantic, 
Conn, ; the Hadley Company and Merrick Company at Holyoke, 
Mass.; the Coats Thread Company at Pawtucket, R. I., Green & 
Daniels of the same place ; the Clark Thread Company of Newark, 
N. J., and Samuel Semple & Sons, of Mount Holly, Burlington County, 
N. J.; the Coats and Clark companies being originally offshoots 
from the parent establishments in Scotland. 

Cotton bags, woven without seam in the loom, are also of Ameri- 
can introduction, and are made from the waste left in the manufacture 
of finer fabrics, mixed with stained or lower grades of cotton. 

Small wares, such as tapes, braids, lamp-wicking, suspender web- 
bing, etc., etc., are extensively made, principally in Massachusetts, 
Rhode Island, and in and about Philadelphia, 

The accompanying table shows the statistics in a condensed form 
of several of the larger towns and cities, which owe their prosperity, 
and in most cases their origin and existence, to the cotton manufacture, 



78 



having been first established in situations where a natural waterfall 
rendered a great amount of power available ; and in addition to these, 
the whole area of the New England States is studded with cotton 
mills, some of them of great size and importance, wherever suitable 
water power was to be found, in many cases compensating for the 
droughts of summer by the addition of steam. 

Statistics of Lowell, 1876. 



Name of Establibhmknt. 



Merrimack Mfg. Co 

Hamilton " 

Appleton " 

Tremont & Suffolk Mfg. Co. 
Lawrence " . 

Boott Cotton Mills 

Massachusetts Cotton Mills. 



Date of 
Incorpo- 
ration 



1823 
1825 
1828 
1830 
1831 
1835 
1839 



No. of 
Spindles. 



158,4fi4 
56,080 
42,488 
93,528 
92,000 
112,752 
101,720 



No. of 
Opera- 
tives. 



2,700 
1,225 
600 
1,400 
1,750 
1,875 
1,475 



Lbs. Cotton 
consumed 
annually. 



6,344,000 
3,900,000 
4,992,000 
7,280,000 
9,100,000 
6,760,000 
9,256,000 



Yards Cloth 
produced an- 
nually. 



37,700,000 

14,040,000 

12,480,000 

19,760,000 

22,100,000* 

23,920,000 

27,768,000 



Statistics op Lawrence, Mass. 



Atlantic Cotton Mills 

Pacific Mills (also worsted). 



Pemberton Mills (also woolens) 

Washington " " " 

Everett " 

Lawrence Duck Co 



1846 

1852 

1860 

1858 

1860 
1853 



86,880 

135,000 

worsted 

25,000 

28,000 

20,000 

33,280 
7,500 



1,000 

5,000 

675 

300 

775 
225 



8,800,000 

6,000,000 

1,710,000 

675,000 

2,250,000 
1,500,000 



24,500,000 

42,000,000 

3,000,000 

j warps, 

I 5,200,000 

7,000,000 

1,700,000 



Statistics of Manchester, N. H., 1876. 



Amoskeag Mfg. Co 

Stark Mills 

Manchester Mills (also worsted), re- 
organized 

Langdon Mfg. Co 



1831 
1838 

1873 
1857 



135,000 
45,000 

75,000 
33,056 



4,000 
1,200 

2,940 
500 



13,000,000 
6,760,000 

4,160,000 
1,560,000 



36,400,000 
12,376,000 

28,600,000 
4,940,000 



Statistics op Lewiston, Maine, 1876. 



Lincoln Mill 

Bates Mfg. Co. . . 
Hill " ... 

Continental Mills. 

Lewiston 



(also jute). 



Androscoggin Mills. . . 
Barker Mill (Auburn). 



1846 
1850 
1850 
1866 

1853 



1860 
1870 



21,740 
56,196 
51,000 
70,000 

25,000 



58,450 
18,576 



407 
1,250 
1,000 
1,200 

850 



1,100 
250 



1,040,000 
2,023,114 
2,500,000 
6,000,000 
2,800,000 

jute, 
1,011,000 

4,350,000 

855,000 



3,000,000 

8,151,000 

8,000,000 

15,000,000 



7,000,000 

bags, 
2,000,000 
2,000,000 



* Lawrence Company also, 780,000 dozen hosiery and 46,800 shirts and drawers. 



Statistics of Fall River, 1876. 



Kame of Establishment. 



American Linen Co 

Annawam Manufactory 

Barnard Mfg. Co , 

Border City Mills 

Chase " 

Crescent '• 

Davoe " 

Durfee " 

Fall River Maiiufnctory , 

" " Printworks 

Flint Mills , 

Granite Mills 

King Philip Mills 

Mechanics' " 

Merchants' Mfg. Co 

Metacomet Mills 

Montauk " 

Mount Hope " 

Narragansett " 

Osborn " 

Pocasset Mfg. Co 

Richard Borden Mfg. Co 

Robeson Mills 

Sagamore " 

Shove " 

Slade " 

Stafford " 

Tecumseh " 

Troy Cotton & Wool Manufactory 

Union Mill Co 

Wampanoag Mills 

Weetamoe " 

Fall River Merino Co 



Date of 
Incorpo- 
ration. 



No. of 
Spindles. 



Total. 



1852 
1815 
18Y4 
1872 
1871 
1871 
1867 
1866 
1813 
1848 
1872 
1863 
1871 
1868 
1867 
1847 
1871 
1867 
1871 
1871 
1822 
1871 
1867 
1872 
1872 
1871 
1871 
1866 
1814 
1859 
1871 
1871 
1875 



82,512 
10,116 
28,400 
72,144 
43,480 
33,280 
30,496 
87,424 
25,902 
13,600 
45,360 
76,920 
37,440 
53,712 
85,570 
23,840 
7,200 
9,024 
27,920 
37,232 
36,744 
42,528 
21,632 
37,672 
37,504 
37,040 
34,928 
42,156 
38,928 
44,784 
27,920 
34,080 
1,560 



1,269,048 



No. of 
Opera- 
tives. 



1,000 
140 
340 
900 
425 
340 
375 
950 
330 
175 
450 
900 
425 
550 
800 
325 
125 
135 
325 
425 
51.0 
450 
275 
425 
425 
350 
350 
400 
400 
475 
325 
350 
60 



Lbs. Cotton 
consumed 
annually. 



3,825,000 

450,000 
1,575,000 
3,712,500 
2,025,000 
1,462,500 
1,575,000 
4,275,000 
1,350,000 

607,500 
2,137,500 
4,050,000 
1,350,000 
2,587,500 
4,162,500 
1,125,000 
1,125,000 

303,750 
1,462,500 
1,912,500 
1,417,500 
2,025,000 
1,125,000 
1,800,000 
1,912,500 
1,800,000 
1,800,000 
2,025,000 
1,800,000 
2,250,000 
1,462,500 
1,800,000 

337,500 



Yards Cloth 
produced an- 
nually. 



21,000,000 

2,150,000 

9,000,000 

20,500,000 

12,000,000 

5,750,000 

5,000,000 

23,000,000 

7,000,000 

3,500,000 

12,500,000 

21,500,000 

5,500,000 

14,000,000 

22,500,000 

6,500,000 

2,000,000 

1,225,000 

8,250,000 

11,000,000 

7,500,000 

12,000,000 

6,500,000 

10 500,000 

11,500,000 

10,000,000 

10,000,000 

12,000,000 

10,250,000 

12,000,000 

8,250,000 

10,000,000 

9,000,000 



14,270 62,628,750 



343,375,000 



The question of the comparative economy of steam and water- 
power has often been discussed, and results drawn which have proved 
erroneous, for want of correct data in the premises. 

As before stated, many cotton mills were started in the seaboard 
towns of New England, in the belief that steam was as cheap a motor 
as water, and nearly if not all of those east of Fall River have proved 
unsuccessful as investments. 

The writer had occasion to make a careful examination of the cost 
of power at some of these mills a few years since, and arrived at the 
following results : 
14 



80 



Number of spindles 

Horse-powev required 

Tons of coal per annum 

Cost of " " _. r 

Engineer, fireman, oil, etc., includ- | 
ing delivery of coal: -; 

Total cost i. 

Cost per horse-power per annum 



Mill No. 1, 
Newburyp't. 



17,040 
275.75 
1,612 
$10,823.24 

2,074.28 



$12,987.52 
47.10 



Mill No. 2, 
Kockport. 



17,904 
291 

1,873.5 
^2,486.78 

8,556.92 



$16,053.70 
55.12 



Mill No. 3, 
Newburyp't. 



26,976 
327.5 
2,213 
$14,560.00 

2,701.29 



$17,261.29 
52 70 



Mill No. 4, 
FaU fiiver. 



84,848 

450 

2,632 

$18,766 

2,500 



$21,266 
45.27 



Including the Fall River Mill, wliicli agrees with two other mills 
there very closely, the average cost of the 4 mills for fuel, oil, and 
labor per annum per horse power is $50.04, or for the mills east of 
Boston, where coal was higher, $51.64 — to which must be added about 
$20 per horse power for interest and depreciation on plant, or 20 per 
cent, of a fail' average cost of $100 per horse power for engine, boilers, 
and setting, engine house and chimney ; of which the engine would 
cost ^ at 10 per cent, depreciation ; boilers, ^ at 20 per cent.; and 
buildings and chimney^ at 6 per cent., making an average of about 12 
per cent., which, with interest, etc., would bring the whole allowance up 
to about 20 per cent. This would give a total cost for steam power of 
$70 per horse power per annum, which may be assumed as the average 
cost in quantities of from 2 to 500 horse power near the sea coast of 
New England. This would, of course, be increased or lessened in 
different localities by the cost of coal. Mr. George H. Corliss, of Provi- 
dence, R. I., the eminent steam-engine builder, estimates the cost with 
his improved engines, including 20 per cent, as above, to be 16.22 
cents per day per horse power, which, for 300 working days, would 
give $48.66 per annum. 

The above figures were, however, taken from the actual running 
accounts of mills, m ordinary years. Now at Lowell and Lawrence, 
the annual water rent per horse power paid to the Water Power Com- 
panies is $5.00 per annum ; and if the cost of wheels, pits, and flumes 
be estimated at $100 per horse power, there is to be added $7.00 per 
annum for interest, and $5.00 per annum for depreciation, making in 
all, for power, $17.00 per annum. To this should be added the further 
sum of $3.00 per annum, for heating and dressing, giving a total ex- 
penditure of $20.00 per annum per horse power of water, as against 
$70.00 for steam. 

At the Androscoggin Mills, Lewiston, Me., the cost of water 
power and heating is made up as being $14.10 per hOrse power per 



81 

annum ; that of steam, as being 167.92 ; interest and repairs not 
being included in either case. In this account the coal was taken at 
18.50 per ton. There are many mills in the New England States, 
where the whole cost of water power, including dam, wheels and 
canals, has not been over $100 per horse power ; and allowing $12.00 
per annum for interest and depreciation, and $3.00 more for heating 
and dressing, the cost in these cases would be only $15.00 per horse 
power yearly. 

Against this positive difference in the cost of power, we must set 
off the less cost of freight in such localities as Fall River, which, how- 
ever, owes much of its success to the general system of management 
pursued there, and to various causes which are not within the scope of 
this article, and the discussion of which would occupy much time and 
space, and involve opposing arguments. 

Steam power in smaller quantities, say less than 100 horse power, 
would cost more than the above rates, while water power would 
usually decrease in cost, from the need of less expensive dams and 
wheels. 

The average cost of steam engines may be taken as being : 

For 800 to 1,000 horse power , $20 per horse power 

For 500 to 600 " 30 " " " 

For 200 to 300 " 40 " " " 

For 50 to 100 " 50 " " 

Boilers and setting, 30 to 40 " " 

Engine and boiler house, chimney, etc 30 " " 

"The Engineer" gives the cost in England for 100 horse-power 
engine, with boilers and "plant" complete, as being $75 per horse 
power, and the cost of fuel, etc., per annum, at $50 per horse power. 
The cost of a first-class turbine wheel is given by the same authority 
as $3,500 for 100 horse-power, or $35 per horse-power. 

The turbine has almost entirely taken the place of the cumbrous 
over-shot or breast wheels, and may be procured at very reasonable 
prices. 

While the Fourneyron wheel, as improved by Mr. Boyden, has 
been generally used in the large manufacturing establishments of New 
England, the attention of engineers and inventors has been turned to 
the production of a less expensive wheel, of equal efficiency, and there 
are now a number in the market giving excellent results, which are 
cast in one piece, instead of being " built up " with bronze or other 
sheet metal buckets riveted into cast-iron plates or flanges. Several of 
these were tested at the Centennial Exhibition, and 



82, 

The Risdon -wheel, which gave over 87 per cent. 

The National wheel " " " 83 " 

The Geyelin wheel " " " 83 " 

The Tait or Centeunial wheel which gave over 82 " 

The Tyler wheel which gave over 81 " 

and the Hunt wheel which gave over 80 " 

are all well made and reliable wheels. 

Besides these there were several others giving over 75 per cent., 
which may be considered as the maximum effect of the old style of 
wheels. 

Of these wheels, the Geyelin was of the Jonval pattern, with a 
direct downward discharge of the water ; the others were all inward 
and downward, as is also the case with the Swain wheel, which was 
not on exhibition, but which is very largely used in New England, 
and the form of bucket of which is the progenitor of those of several 
of the above-named wheels. 

Mr. James B. Fi-ancis, of Lowell, has obtained with this wheel a 
result of over 83 per cent, of effect, but the wheel is like the Boyden, 
a "built " and expensive one, compared with those mentioned. 

This method of central discharge of the water is believed to be of 
American origin, the type of this class having been the "Howd 
wheel," patented by Samuel B. Howd, of Geneva, N. Y., July 2G, 
1838. 

Water wheels can not be strictly considered as parts of " Cotton 
Machinery," but their common use and economy as motors in 
America seem to excuse the above digression. 

I have aimed to trace, as concisely as possible, the growth of the 
cotton manufacture in the United States up to the present time, and 
the dates of the more important American inventions which have con- 
tributed to its success, and have endeavored to omit nothing which 
could be condensed within the space I have allowed myself for this 
memoir ; and I cannot bring it to a close better than by the insertion 
of the following article from the New York " Herald," which I am per- 
mitted to use by the kindness of the author, Edward Atkinson, Esq., 
of Boston, which states clearly our present position, as a Nation, in 
regard to the production of the raw material ; and also the admirable 
analysis of the cost of manufacture in 1838 and 1876, prepared for me 
by Mr. William A. Burke, of Lowell, the treasurer of the Lowell Ma- 
chine Shop, and read by him before the New England Cotton Manu- 
facturers' Association, which is inserted in the Appendix : 



83 

EXTEACT FROM LeTTER OF EdWARD AtKINSON TO THE " NeW 

York Herald." 

" The commanding position of the United States in respect to the 
production of cotton has long been admitted, but it seems probable 
that few even of the manufacturers themselves have been fully aware 
of the strong position in which the cotton manufactures of the United 
States now stand in relation to other countries. 

" A HISTORY" OF COTTON. 

" The subject of the production of cotton opens so wide a field that 
it is hard to know where to begin or end. There is no other product 
that has had so potent and malign an influence in the past uj^on the 
history and institutions of the land, and perhaps no other on which its 
future material welfare may more depend. Cotton belongs to this 
continent. When the Spaniards first entered Mexico the natives were 
found to be clothed in cotton, and the art of weaving and dyeing had 
been carried to a high state of perfection for that time among them. 
Then, as now, the best and most prolific varieties of the cotton plant 
existed there, and the plant is doubtless indigenous in Mexico. In the 
United States, a century ago, cotton was scarcely known as an im- 
portant production, and not until the invention of the saw gin, by Eli 
Whitney, in 1792, did it become so ; that invention renewed the life 
of slavery. To-day the United States furnish all the cotton used in 
their own limits and in Canada, and nearly three fourths the quantity 
consumed in their own limits and in Europe combined. There are no 
data by which the quantity produced and consumed elsewhere can be 
determined accurately, the production of Asia and Africa being un- 
known ; but the inhabitants of these two continents are clothed in 
cotton to a very large extent of their own production and manu- 
facture. 

" COTTOK MANUFACTURE. 

"In respect to the cotton manufacture the world may be divided 
into two sections — that which still adheres to the hand work, and which 
is by far the largest and most populous section, and that which uses 
complex machinery worked by water or steam power. It is common 
to name the divisions "civilized" and "uncivilized"; but, if there had 
been no previous reason for hesitating to apply these terms, the won- 
derful exhibition from China and Japan at Philadelphia might well 
teach us a lesson in modesty. 

" Among the machine-using nations it may, perhaps, be rightly 
claimed that the United States takes the lead ; not that we can assert 
superiority in all, or perhaps in any, special machines, but that our 



84 

people adopt machinery more quickly than others, and adapt it to a 
greater variety of purposes. The object of this paper is to mark the 
progress we have made in the cultivation of cotton and in the applica- 
tion of machinery to its manufacture, and also to forecast the work we 
may have yet to do. 

"comparative IMPORTAlSrCE TO FABRICS. 

" Among the three common fibers — wool, flax and cotton — which 
constitute the principal materials for the clothing of the human race, 
cotton is the most important, because it is ready for treatment by ma- 
chinery as soon as it is gathered ; because its conversion into cloth is 
least costly, and because its use for clothing is most conducive to 
health in respect to the largest portion of the population of the world. 
It is a non-conductor of heat and of electricity, while flax is the re- 
verse ; it is easy to spin because Nature begins to twist it in the boll, and 
each fiber is like a twisted ribbon, a little thicker at the edges than in 
the middle ; hence the fibers interlock and adhere to each other to 
their very points. The great inventions in cotton si^inning have not 
been in the twisting, which is a comparatively simple matter whether 
compassed upon one spindle or many, but in the extension of the strand 
both before and after the twisting begins. 

" PROCESSES OF PREPARATION. 

" The processes applied to the fiber in order to convert the bale of 
cotton into yarn for weaving are of three kinds— first, to clean and 
straighten the fibers and lay them alongside each other in a thick and 
heavy strand ; second, to extend that strand with a constant doubling 
of two or more ends into one in order to get the strand even ; and 
third, to combine the further extension and doubling of the strands 
with the twisting. The extreme accuracy required in the working of 
the machinery will be best appreciated from the fact that the No. 14 
yarn, of which the coarse standard sheeting is made, weighs sixty 
hundredths of a grain to one yard, while the yarn in a common lawn 
of which a woman's summer dress is made. No. TO, weighs twelve 
hundredths of a grain. It follows that all the complex machinery and 
the twelve to fifteen processes through which the cotton must pass 
from the bale to the spindle are worked within the limit of about half 
a grain in the result, the two numbers named representing substantially 
the whole cotton spinning of the United States. The number indicates 
the number of skeins or hanks of 840 yards each in one pound avoir- 
dupois, or 7,000 troy grains, the cotton spinners' tables being based 
on troy grains and avoirdupois ounces and pounds. 

" If we consider our production of cotton in the light of a service 



85 

rendered, we then find that it stands first in rank among the material 
services which we render to humanity. In the cotton factories of 
Europe and the United States there are a little over 08,000,000 
spindles, worked by about 1,000,000 men, women and children. In the 
operation of these spindles a little more than 6,000,000 bales of cotton, 
of the average v/eight of American bales, ai-e annually converted into 
10,000,000,000 yards of cloth, averaging one yard wide and four yards 
to the pound, or 10 pounds to a piece of forty yards, or into the equiva- 
lent of such cloths in other fabrics. As nearly as the writer can ascer- 
tain, the fabric called by the trade a four-yard sheeting is about the 
average fabric made on the cotton spindles of the world. In this 
country the average would be heavier ; in Great Britain lighter. The 
fabric made by the Lawrence Manufacturing Company, known as LL, 
is a representative of this average. 

"This quantity of cloth would furnish 500,000,000 persons five 
pounds or twenty yards each annually. Of the 6,000,000 bales of cot- 
ton the United States now furnishes about 4,500,000 in each year, and 
our proportion is' year by year increasing. The eight last crops, raised 
by the labor of freemen, exceed the eight last crops before our civil 
war, then raised mainly by the labor of slaves, in the number of more 
than 1,500,000 bales. If, then, it is a service to men to provide for 
them the largest quantity of the material that best meets their need for 
clothing, in this one respect our rank is assured, 

" AMERICAN CAPABILITIES, 

" Then let us mark the extent to which we have yet trenched upon 
our resources. In this production less than 2 per cent, of the area of 
the cotton States is now used. What we may yet accomplish may be 
better comprehended by considering the condition of a single State. 
We will select Texas as being the State now making the most rapid 
progress in population, production and wealth. Few persons can 
realize the facts in regard to this great State except by comparison. 
In area it exceeds the German Empire by about 60,000 square miles ; 
it has land and climate fitted for the growing of almost all the products of 
the temperate zone ; it is underlain to a large extent with coal. But, 
in respect to cotton, on less than one half of one per cent, of its area it 
last year produced one half of all the cotton consumed in the United 
States, and 4 per cent, of its area would be capable of producing all the 
cotton now consumed in Europe and the United States, or 6,000,000 
bales. Whenever the fertile land of Texas, which constitutes nearly 
three fourths its area, is settled with the same density of population as 
Massachusetts, one person to each three acres, it will contain nearly 
40,000,000 people. 



86 

" Under what conditions is this work of cotton production now ac- 
complished or yet to be done ? No longer by the forced labor of the 
slave upon the plantation, but by the labor of freemen and largely of 
freeholders on the farm. In most of the States where it is now grown, 
cotton constitutes the salable or money crop of the farmer, who, in 
other respects, is becoming entirely independent as to his subsistence. 
Raising food and meat to a greater extent than ever before, the 
Southern farmer still finds in cotton the means wherewith to furnish 
himself with money for other purchases. Cotton being therefore more 
and more the surplus crop or profit of the farmer as distinguished from 
the planter of old time, it becomes more difficult to determine its cost, 
its annual quantity until each year's crop has been actually delivered, 
or the price at which its production will be checked. In Texas, the 
State that has increased its crop about 80 per cent, over the largest 
ante-war crop, by far the largest portion is now raised by farmers 
owning their own lands. Her last croj) was nearly 700,000 bales, and 
within one or tAvo years at farthest it will be 1,000,000, mostly culti- 
vated by white labor. 

" COST OF PRODUCTION. 

" In answer to a very extended inquiry lately made, the writer has 
received estimates of the cost of the production of cotton ranging from 
six to fifteen cents per pound, the latter cost, however, having been 
given by one who on 600 acres of land made only four bales the pre- 
vious year. The general range of the estimates of cost were six to ten 
cents. But one answer to the question of cost was the most signifi- 
cant. One said : " I have a nephew twenty years of age who, with- 
out the least detriment to his schooling, and working Saturdays, pro- 
duced 4 bales of cotton." It may be asked what did this lad's cotton 
cost to produce ? The average estimate of cost is nine and six tenths 
cents per pound ; those who give the higher rates basing their esti- 
mates upon the jjurchase of provisions at present prices ; those who 
give the estimate of six to seven cents basing them upon provisions being 
raised on the same farm. The significant fact in all the estimates is 
that the lowest come from Texas, North Carolina and Georgia, which 
are essentially farming States, while the highest come from Mississippi 
and Louisiana, the States which were formerly par excellence the 
country of the large planters. 

" IMPROVEMENTS. 

" According to these returns, the centennial year is also marked by 
greater improvements than ever before in the selection of seed, in the 
improvement of tools, in the use of fertilizers, and in the average crop 



87 

per acre, positive evidence having been given of the production of 
2,500 iDOunds of lint or clean cotton on a single measured acre in 
Georgia. It was not claimed that this had been or could be profitable, 
but it is significant of the experiments that are being tried in many- 
places. The average estimates of profitable work range from 400 to 
1,000 pounds of lint or clean cotton per acre, according to the quality 
of the soil and the kind of work done or the fertilizers used. The last 
ten years have also witnessed the conversion of the seed of the cotton 
plant into many useful articles but little known before. 

" In respect to the estimates of the cost of raising cotton it does not 
yet appear that any very accurate data exist under the new system ; 
skillful men, who, immediately after the war, feared utter ruin unless 
the price could be maintained at 20 cents per pound, now admit having 
made a fair profit at 10 cents. It may be doubted whether the cost 
can ever be defined. If the farmer can raise an ample supply of grain, 
vegetables, meat and fruit for subsistence, and can also produce more 
or less cotton for sale, the cotton represents profit or surplus rather 
than cost, and under such circumstances its production would not 
cease, although it might be checked, even if it should decline to 6 or 8 
cents per pound. 

" OLD A]N"D NEW METHODS. 

" The future increased production of cotton in the United States and 
the time within which our staple will take the place of all inferior 
gx'ades is, therefore, only a question of numbers and intelligence. In 
respect to intelligence it is not to be questioned that the planter of old 
time had far more skill than many of the farmers of the present day, 
but the system of labor to which that skill was applied imposed bad 
conditions that could not be surmounted, and it enforced the use of 
tools and methods unfit for the purpose. These methods may have 
assured prosperity to the few at the cost of the many, but it was the 
high price and not the low price of cotton that limited the extension 
of the crop. Twenty years since every bale that could be made by the 
force then upon the cotton field was required for use, and under the 
steadily advancing price the capital needed for opening new fields as 
steadily increased with the advancing price of slaves, until, in 1860, 
it cost 50 per cent, more to buy and stock a cotton plantation to raise 
the cotton for a given factory than it did to build the mill and fill it 
with machinery. All this has changed, and in the five years last 
past more than a million persons have migrated from other States or 
from abroad to the fertile lands of Texas, and the independent free- 
holder will only be prevented from making more and more cotton each 
year by the low price and not by the ^high price that it may bring. 
That no such check is very near may presently be made apparent. 



88 



" IMPROVEMENTS NEEDED. 

" In one respect great improvement is needed, and but little has yet 
been made. The separation of the lint from the seed is the process 
that should be mostly fitly accomplished, but which is now most rudely 
done. The best saw gin of the usual construction, unless most care- 
fully attended, tears, breaks, doubles and otherwise injures the staple, 
and but a small proportion of the cotton now made is delivered to the 
spinner in the best condition. Two new cotton gins were exhibited at 
Philadelphia, which promise excellent results — the roller gin made by 
Messrs. Piatt Brothers & Co., of England, and the needle-point gin made 
by the Messrs. Remington, of Ilion, N. Y. If these machines can be 
made to produce quantity in ratio to the quality of the staple which 
they deliver, their wide introduction cannot be long delayed. 

" PACKING, ETC. 

" The methods of packing, covering and handling cotton in the 
United States is now unfit in the extreme, and as the competition be- 
comes greater with declining prices it is to be hoped and expected that 
better methods will be adopted. At present it is alleged that it is not 
profitable to attempt better methods, but the time can not be far 
distant when the bale of cotton will be as carefully prepared and pro- 
tected as the bale of cotton fabrics. Such care and attention was 
formerly impossible. It must be remembered that the slave system 
rej^elled and degraded free labor ; its malign effect was never more 
tersely expressed than by Henry A. Wise, of Virginia, who said, " The 
negroes skin the land and the white men skin the negroes." But all 
this has passed by, and the professor of a South Carolina college who 
was sent out of the State because he said, when the ordinance of seces- 
sion was presented to him, " That is not what South Carolina wants — 
she needs manure," is now engaged in providing that valuable com- 
modity, being at the head of one of the large works established since 
the war for converting the phosphatic rocks that underlie her coast 
lands into the material that her exhausted soil so much required. 

" THE GOOD TIME COMING. 

" With local self-government assured and the colored race fully pro- 
tected by the urgent competition for their labor, it cannot now be 
doubted that the fertile soil and the mild climate of the South will 
soon attract to other portions as large an immigration as is now pour- 
ing into Texas ; and as new branches of industry are established and 
a moi'e dense population grows up or comes in, even though the negro 
should quit the fields and take to other occupations in towns and 
villages, as it is alleged he will do, there can be no doubt of the con- 
tinued increase of the cotton crop." 



89 



EXHIBIT OF MACHINERY AND FABRICS AT CEiNTENNIAL. 



SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTER. 

The cotton manufacture of the United States, as illustrated at the 
Centennial Exhibition, although very comj^lete in its collection of the 
various fabrics made in the country, was very deficient in its illustra- 
tion of the processes by which they were produced, many of the best 
machines being entirely unrepresented, and some of those shown not 
being in operation, while in no case was a complete system of cotton 
machinery shown by any exhibitor. 

There were, however, machines from various sources on exhibition, 
from which we can trace the operation of the various processes which 
the cotton undergoes in its progress from the bale to the cloth, and we 
will endeavor to note these in their proper order, with some comments 
on their peculiarities. 

First in order was the opening and picking machinery of the Kitson 
Machine Co., of Lowell, consisting of two machines — the first one 
for opening the cotton, from the bale, and partially cleaning it from 
seed and leaf, and forming it into a lap, which is taken to the second 
machine, where it is still further cleaned, and where three of these 
laps are united into the one which goes to the card. 

The second machine did not differ essentially from the " Lappers " 
in ordinary use in the United States and England, but the first one 
had a radical modification, in the addition of a toothed cylinder (or 
pair of disks, both forms being employed) to tear open the hard masses 
of cotton as they are taken from the bale, and to loosen them, before sub- 
jecting them to the blows of the "beater," whose office it is to knock 
out the seeds and sand, while the cotton is carried forward by a cur- 
rent of air against a wire gauze cylinder, which forms it by its revolu- 
tion into a sheet or lap. The processes of opening cotton have varied 
considerably in times past, according to the character of the staple to 
be treated ; but the mode most commonly adopted of late years, for the 



90 

great bulk of middling and ordinary cottons, has been that of the 
" Beater " so-called, a straight steel bar, of which two or three were 
set on arms, parallel with and 7 to 12 inches distant from a shaft re- 
volving from 1,200 to 1,800 times per minute, thus giving the beaters 
a velocity of from 5,000 to 8,000 feet per minute. These bars strike 
the cotton as it issues slowly from a pair of feed rollers, and by their 
velocity drive the seeds and heavy substances downward through a 
grating underneath, while the cotton is carried on with the beaters till 
it is sucked off by an air draught on the side opposite to the feed rolls 
— as above mentioned. 

With loosely packed and di'y cotton this mode is not objectionable, 
but, when it has been heavily compressed and subjected to moisture, 
the hard " mats " thus formed are very difficult to open, causing great 
strain and wear on the machines, and consuming an unnecessary 
amount of jDOwer, besides causing more or less injury to the staple, and 
it is to obviate these difficulties that Mr. Kitson's "Atmospheric 
Opener " was constructed. These machines are now being introduced 
to great satisfaction in many large cotton mills — both in America and 
England. 

The next machine in order is the card — of which there was not one 
of the ordinary form on exhibition, the only machine shown being 
Messrs. Foss & Percy's " underflat " card, which aims to do double the 
work of the ordinary card, with only ^ more power, and only the same 
amount of floor space in the mill. 

The novelty of this machine lies in the arrangement by which the 
" Card Flats " are held up by springs to the under side of the carding 
cylinder, thus giving double the working surface ; and in so revolving 
the cylinder that it strikes the cotton downward instead of upward 
from the feed rolls, thus knocking any dirt and sand which may have 
escaped the picker doAvn into a space prepared to receive it, instead 
of carrying it up and lodging it in the " Top Flats." This machine is 
but of very recent introduction, and it is not yet possible to speak 
authoritatively of its merits, but it was favorably esteemed by the 
judges, and is now being thoroughly tested, with excellent results, in 
several of the mills at Lowell and other manufacturing towns. 

Of the next process, the " Drawing-Frame," there was only a single 
specimen exhibited, and that one not in operation : from the Saco 
Water Power Machine Shop, of Biddeford, Me. 

This machine was thoroughly well built and finished, and may be 
considered as a fair specimen of the machines at present used for that 
purpose. 

The same establishment also sent a very perfect set of Roving or 
" Fly Frames," three in number, of excellent finish and construction, 



91 

and a self-acting mule, of the Parr-Curtis pattern, which may all be 
taken as good specimens of the best type of cotton machinery in use 
at the present day. 

The Providence Machine Company also exhibited an excellent set 
of roving frames in operation, which were noticeable for the high 
velocity and great ease of their movements, but which differ little in 
essential points of construction from those of the Saco Water Power 
Machine Company. 

Messrs. Fales & Jenks, of Pawtucket, R. T., had on exhibition the 
" Combined Fly Frame and Speeder " of Messrs. Mayer & Chatterton, 
which had several excellent features, combining very ingeniously some 
of the best points of two systems ; having the long flyer of the speeder 
separated from the spindle, thus admitting of economy of time in 
dressing and the more perfect " wind motions " of the fly frame. 

No examples of the spinning frames which have been in ordinary 
use for many years were on exhibition, but two varieties of the new 
light ring spindle, which is rapidly being introduced, were shown in 
operation, viz., one frame of the " Sawyer spindle," by Messrs. Geo. 
Draper & Sons, of Hopedale, Mass., and one frame built by the Lowell 
Machine Shop, and exhibited by the Willimantic Co., in which half 
the spindles were of the Sawyer pattern, and half of a combination of 
the "Sawyer" and "Pearl" patents. This frame was shown running 
at a very high speed, and spinning No. 160 yarn ; but, as both these 
spindles have been described in another place more fully, it is unneces- 
sary to say more about them here. 

Messrs. Draper & Sons also exhibited a twister with the Sawyer 
spindle, a spooler with the " Wade " bobbin holder, a new and very 
ingenious improvement, and a Warper, containing several new and 
valuable inventions. 

The Lewiston Machine Shop, of Lewiston, Me., also contributed a 
Warper, of the very best plan and construction, and one which is in 
very extensive use and highly commended in many of our best mills. 

The display of looms was quite large, and contained several pat- 
terns of the well-known Crompton loom, from Worcester, Mass.; the 
Knowles loom, from the same place ; the Thomas loom, from the 
Lewiston Machine Shop ; the Lyell loom, which was shown weaving 
jute canvas, 8 yards wide, grain-bags, sheetings, and women's corsets, 
the latter, by an application of the Jacquard motion to the warp, being 
produced shaped to the body, and the loom weaving 8 at once. 

Other looms were exhibited by Thomas Wood, of Philadelphia, 
Jas. Long, Bros. & Co., Philadelphia, L. E. Ross, Providence, R. I., 
Wolfenden, Shove & Co., Cardington, Pa. All these looms were excel- 
lent for their intended purposes, and very thoroughly illustrated that 



92 

branch of manufacture, especially so far as related to figured or " fancy 
woven " fabrics. 

Messrs. George Draper & Sons also exhibited loom-temples such 
as are in universal use in the United States, and double adjustable 
spinning rings. 

The Willimantic Co. of Willimantic, Conn., made a very fine 
display of cotton in its various states of progress from the bale to the 
yarn, and showed the two very ingenious automatic machines invented 
for them by Ilezekiah Conant, for spooling sewing cotton, and for 
ticketing the spools. 

Messrs. Butterworth & Co., of Philadelphia, exhibited drying cans, 
for bleached or printed fabrics ; Messrs. Palmer & Kendall, of Middle- 
town, Conn., have a very ingenious drying and tentering machine for 
mosquito nettings, lawns, and other light cloths ; and Messrs. Hope & 
Co., of Providence, R. I., showed two patterns of their very ingenious 
Pantograph engraving machines. 

There were some smaller exhibits, but the above list comprised all 
the machinery of any importance in the American department, while 
the display from other countries was so meager as to allow of no par- 
ticular comparison. 

The display of fabrics was much more extensive, consisting of 142 
exhibits, ranging, with one or two exceptions, from No. 8 to No. 40 
yarn, as the basis, and comprising a very great variety of styles of 
cloth, from cotton duck to fine muslins, ginghams, and printed calicoes, 
from different parts of the Union. 

A full list would be simply a repetition of the official catalogue, 
and it may be condensed by saying that Maine was represented by the 
following exhibits, viz : Cotton duck from the Westbrook Manufactur- 
ing Company of Portland ; tickings, cottonades, cheviot shirtings, 
seamless bags, sheetings, shirtings, jeans, quilts, ginghams, and silesias 
from the different mills at Lewiston ; cottonades, denims, tickings, dress 
goods, skirtings, and shirtings from the York mills at Saco ; sheet- 
ings, shirtings, drills, and jeans from Biddeford ; and sheetings and 
shirtings from the Cabot mills at Brunswick and the Farwell mills at 
Lisbon. New Hampshire also made an extensive display, consisting 
of tickings, denims, awning stripes, cotton flannels, ginghams ; fancy 
shirtings, jeans, drills, duck, seamless bags, printed calicoes, sheetings, 
and shirtings, from the mills at Manchester ; quilts and sheetings from 
theMonadnock mills, at Claremont ; cotton flannels, sheetings, shirtings, 
and print cloths from Nashua, sheetings and shirtings from Great Falls, 
and knitting cotton from Morse, Kaley & Co., of Milford.' 

Massachusetts was largely represented by print-cloths, printed cali- 
coes, shirtings, and muslins, from Fall River ; sheetings, shirtings, drill- 



93 

ings, cotton flannels, printed calicoes and furniture-coverings, and 
bleached and dyed cambrics from Lowell ; printed calicoes and lawns, 
cottonades, tickings, cheviots, denims, and dress goods from Lawrence ; 
spool cotton, lawns, muslins, thread, twine, and yarns, from Holyoke ; 
cotton flannels from Chicopee, denims and dress goods, from Palmer ; 
sheetings and sateen jeans from Salem ; sheetings and shirtings from 
New Bedford and Waltham ; ginghams and yarns from South Hadley ; 
ginghams, skirtings, and dress goods from South Adams ; cottonades, 
shirtings, tickings, denims, awning-stripes, and dress goods from 
Whittenton ; ginghams from Lancaster ; and print cloths, cambrics, and 
printed calicoes from Southbridge. Rhode Island, as might be 
expected, as the birth-place of the cotton manufacture in America, 
made a wide and varied exhibit of brown and bleached cottons and 
dyed and printed fabrics, from a number of mills in different parts 
of the State, all having their business headquarters at Providence. 
Woonsocket, Pawtucket, Warren, Westerly, Lonsdale, Pontiac, and 
other manufacturing towns were well represented ; and the lawns and 
muslins of the Lonsdale Co., and the similar fabrics from the Berkeley 
Co., are worthy of especial notice from the perfection of their manufac- 
ture and the fineness of the fabrics ; the sateens of the Berkeley Co. being 
made of No. 100 warp and No. 150 weft, and supposed to be the 
finest goods made in the United States. Spool cotton of excellent 
quality was also exhibited, and a great variety of bleached and colored 
goods from different bleacheries and print-works. 

Connecticut sent denims, ducks, cheviots, tickings, and fancy 
stripes from Norwich ; shirtings and cambrics from Wauregan, Putnam, 
and Taftville ; mosquito nettings from Middletown ; and sewing cotton 
from Willimantic, the latter being of especial merit for its smooth- 
ness, softness, and strength, and is mentioned in another place, in con- 
nection with the machinery employed to produce it. 

New York had fewer exhibitors, sheetings and shirtings from Utica 
and the "New York Mills," silesias, cambrics, etc., from Saratoga, 
comprising her list. 

New Jersey was more fully represented, and sent spool cotton from 
Newark and Mount Holly ; ginghams, print-cloths, and printed and 
dyed fabrics, from Gloucester ; cotton towelings and dusters from 
Paterson ; bleached shirtings, cambrics and silesias, printed linings, 
umbrella cloths, window hollands, tilloting cloths, etc., from Millville, 
and cotton yarns and wicking from Wortendyke. 

Pennsylvania showed awning stripes, tickings, printed and dyed 
calicoes, and muslins in great variety— cottonades, ginghams, cotton 
yarns, and a gieat variety of cotton fabrics of medium fineness, from 
the immediate vicinity of Philadelphia ; cotton flannels, nankeen, and 



94 

tickings from Lancaster ; counterpanes and quilts from Allento^^oi and 
Lancaster ; and tickings from Linwood. 

Delaware sent tickings from Wilmington, and warp yarns from 
New Castle. 

Maryland took the lead in cotton duck, with three very fine exhibits 
from Baltimore. 

North Carolina sent sheetings, from Great Falls, Rockingham Co. 

Georgia exhibited very good sheetings from the Alabama and 
Georgia Manufacturing Company, of West Point. 

Mississippi contributed excellent heavy cotton, and mixed cotton 
and wool fabrics, from the Mississippi Manufacturing Company of 
Wesson, and also excellent yarn from F. E. Whitfield, of Corinth, 
which had been manufactured directly from seed cotton, by an appara- 
tus attached to the card, which performed the same purpose as the 
gin. 

Indiana completed the list of the States of the Union represented, 
with staple heavy sheetings from Evansville. 

Canada exhibited staple sheetings, shirtings and yarns, tickings and 
bags, from Hamilton, Dundas, and Toronto, and New Brunswick sent 
yarns from St. Johns ; and these should fairly be included in the list 
of distinctively American exhibits, as the skilled labor which they 
have drawn from the United States has been a great element in their 
success. 

In taking a general survey. of the subject, a tendency to the manu- 
facture of finer fabrics was noticeable in Massachusetts, and especially 
in Rhode Island, and also in the newer mills in Maine. New Hamp- 
shire excelled in the heavier goods, such as denims, drills and tickings, 
though the finest tickings are from Pennsylvania, and Maryland made 
a specialty of duck ; Massachusetts and Rhode Island took the lead in 
ginghams, print cloths, and dyeing and printing, in the quantity pro- 
duced, although for excellence in dyeing and printing Pennsylvania 
and New Hampshire fairly disputed the palm with them ; while for 
great variety of minor manufactures, the region directly about Phila- 
delphia excelled. 

The Southern States made a small but creditable exhibit, and the 
time will come when with peace, and attention to industry instead of 
politics, they will make the greater part of their ordinary clothing- 
fabrics, while the North, as it is now doing, turns its attention to finer 
goods. With this short comment we will close this memoir of the 
growth of the cotton manufactures of the United States up to the 
period of the Centennial Exhibition of 1876. 



95 



APPENDIX A. 

PAPER BEAD BY WILLIAM A. BURKE, ESQ., OF LOWELL, BEFORE THE 
NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF COTTON MANUFACTURERS, OCTO- 
BER 25, 1876. — STATISTICS RELATING TO THE COST OF MANUFAC- 
TURING DRILLINGS AND STANDARD SHEETINGS IN 1838 AND 1876. 

" Mr. President and Gentlemen : I have been requested by 
your Board of Governinent to present to this meeting some statistics 
of the cost of manufacturing drillings and standard sheetings in the 
years 1838 and 1876. 

"These statistics were collected at the request of Mr. Samuel 
Webber, to be used in his work, soon to be published, on the ' Centen- 
nial History of the Cotton Manufacture ' in this country. 

" The mills I have chosen are the No. 1 Mill of the Boott Cotton 
Mills, in Lowell, Mass., and the mill of the Jackson Company, in 
Nashua, N. H. 

" The year 1838 is as far back as the records were complete enough 
to be relied on. 

" For convenience of comparison, the items are arranged in a col- 
umn for each of the years 1838 and 1876. 

" The No. 1 Boott Cotton Mill was one of four mills built and 
equipped ready for operation by the ' Proprietors of Locks and Canals 
on Merrimack River,' and was started in 1836. It was filled with ma- 
chinery for making drillings only. The building, water-wheels, gear- 
ing, and machinery were of the latest and best construction at that 
time, and fully equal to those of any mill in Lowell. 

" The machinery in the mill was as follows : Two conical wil- 
lows. Two pickers or lappers, with 2 beaters each. Twenty-eight 
breaker-cards, with main cylinders 37 inches in diameter and 37 
inches wide, with a leader- in 6f inches in diameter, and 12 top flats ; 

15 



96 

draught, 32. Two lap-winders for making a lap for the finisher 
cards, from 32 breaker card slivers. Twenty-eight finisher cards, 
with main cylinders same size as the breaker cards, and with 14 
top-flats ; draught, 31.27. First set of drawing-frames had 16 deliv- 
eries, and doubled 3 into 1 ; draught, 4.12. Second set of drawing- 
frames had 24 deliveries, and doubled 4 into 1 ; draught, 3.76. 
Third set of drawing-frames had 24 deliveries, and doubled 4 into 1 ; 
draught, 3.17. Six speeders of 18 spindles each, having bobbins 
with heads 6^ inches in diameter and 8 inches long between the 
heads ; draught, 5.7 ; twist, .71 per inch. Ten fine speeders or 
stretchers, of 36 spindles each, having bobbins with heads 5 inches 
in diameter and 7 inches long between the heads ; draught, 6.13 ; 
twist, 1.2 per inch. The coarse or speeder roving was doubled on 
the stretchers. Twenty-eight flier and dead-spindle throstles, of 128 
spindles each, for making warp ; 800 yards of yarn put on a bob- 
bin. Twenty flier and dead-spindle throstles, of 128 spindles each, 
for making filling ; 400 yards of yarn put on a quill ; draught on all 
the throstles, 9.94. Three thousand five hundred and eighty-four 
warp and 2,560 filling spindles, making 6,144 spindles in the mill. 
Eight ' cradle ' warpers, for putting 250 threads and 5,000 yards in 
length on a section beam. Twelve dressing-frames, carrying 8 section 
beams each, having 2 fans, and drying the sized yarn with the air 
of the room, or that coming from the furnace which warmed the 
mill. Ten cuts of 32 yards each, when wove, were put on a loom 
beam. One hundred and seventy-six looms for weaving drillings 30 
inches wide. 

" The comparison is made for four weeks (24 days) in May, 1838, 
and for the same length of time in May, 1876. 

" The statistics for 1876 were very kindly given by Mr. A. G. 
Cumnock, the present agent of the Boott Cotton Mills. 

" Since 1861 all the mills owned by the Boott Cotton Mills have 
been renovated and enlarged (one new mill added), supplied with ad- 
ditional motive power, new shafting, and an entirely new suit of 
machinery of the latest construction, arranged for the greatest econ- 
omy in operating. 

" The number of spindles in all the mills when they were started, 
in 1836-37, was about 28,000. The present number of spindles is 
about 113,000, and of looms 2,550, while the capital stock is the same 
as in 1836, viz.. $1,200,000. 

"All these renewals and additions have been paid for fi*om the 
earnings, and the mills are believed to be equal to any in New Eng- 
land for economy in working and in the quality of the cloth manufac- 
tured. 



97 

BooTT Cotton Mill No. 1. 



May, 1838. Mat, 1876. 



Organigation of Cloth (Drillings), viz. : 

Number of the yarn (average) 13.64 

Threads in the warp 2,000 

Picks of filling per inch 

Weight in yards per pound 

Hours of labor per week 

Pounds of cloth made in 306 hours 

Pounds of cloth made in 240 hours * 

Number of looms used 

Yards woven on a loom in 60 hours 

Number of spindles run 

Pounds spun per spindle in 60 hours 



Number of Operatives, viz. 

In card room (including picking) — 

Males 

Females 

In spinning room — 

Males 

Females (including spoolers) 

In dressing room — 

Males , 

Females (including warper tenders).. . 

In weaving room — 

Males 

Females 



Total Males . . . 
Total Females . 



Total operatives 

Pounds of cloth produced by each operative in one hour. 

Cost of labor per pound — 

For picking, carding, and roving 

For spinning (including spooling) 

For warping and dressing 

For weaving 



Total cost of labor per pound. 



Average of Wages paid {Board included, Overseeing 
excepted). 



In printing and carding rooms — 

For males, per day 

For females, per week 



50 
2.91 

m 

71,686 

176 
245+ 

6,144 

2.292 



14.3 
33 



13.93 
2,196 
50 
2.85 
60 

71,882 

194 

264 

6,965 

2.58 



9.33 
11 




* On account of the changes made in the machinery and its position, the pounds of 
cloth given as made in May, 1876, are 196 more than were made in May, 1838. 



98 



BoOTT Cotton Mill No. 1. — {Continued.) 



Average of Wages paid {Board included, Overseeing 
excepted). 

In spinniDg room — 

For males, per day 

For females, per week (including spoolers) 

In dressing room — 

For males, per day 

For females, per week (including warpers and web- 
drawers 

In weaving room — 

For males, per day 

For females, per week 

Price of board in corporation houses — 

For males 

For females 




May, 1876. 



$1.00 
4.2^ 

1.25 

5.40 

1.00 

5.88 

3.25 
2.10 



Note. — In addition to the $2.10 per week paid by females for board in IS'TB, the 
company pays 30 cents per week to the boarding-house keeper, making $2.40 in all. 

"The mill of the Jackson Company was put in operation in 1832, 
but, as the accounts for the first year were not kept in detail, the six 
months ending June 1, 1838, and the six months ending April 80, 
18T6, are taken for comparison. 

Jackson Company. 



Number of spindles 

Number of looms 

Average number of yarn , . 

Weight of cloth in yards per pound 

Cost of labor per pound 4.805 cts. 

General expenses per pound , ; 2.137 cts. 

Cost of cotton per pound at the mill ' 12.73 cts. 

Percentage of waste, net ' 12.91 

Total cost of cloth per pound ' 21.99 cts. 

Total cost of cloth per yard } 6.64 cts. 

Total cost of print cloth per yard , | 5.726 cts. 

Yards of cloth made in 6 months I 2,832,575 

Pounds of cloth made in 6 months j 960,195 

Average price per yard received for sales ! 8.50 cts. 

Profit per yard, net I 1.86 cts. 

Pounds spun per spindle in 641 hours I 2.71 

Pounds woven per loom in 64^ hours 81.51 

Yards woven per loom per day of 11 hours 41.03 



1876. 



23,888 
786 
13.25 
2.932 
3.59 cts. 
2.605 cts. 
14.132 cts. 
12.11 

22.289 cts, 
7.601 cts. 
None made. 
4,737,681 
1,615,791 
8.549 cts. 
.948 cts. 
2.635 
80.09 
39.14 



99 



Jackson Company. — ( Continued.) 



Six months is equal to 154 days, or 25f weeks of 6 days 
each. — Hours of labor per week, say 

Operatives employed — 

Males 

Females 

Hours of labor for 6 months = 154 days = 25f weeks of 

6 days each 

Cloth in pounds produced in one hour by each operative . . . 




1876. 



64i 

82.64 
352.40 



435.04 
1,655.0'7 
2.275 



" When the mill began work, it had 10,240 spindles and 860 looms. 
No record of the machinery appears to have been kept until June 1, 
1841, when the number of spindles is given as 12,500. I assume that 
in 1838 there were 12,000 spindles and 400 looms. For a few years 
the company made a small amount of print cloths, but they were dis- 
continued, and the whole product of the mill has been ' Indian Head ' 
standard sheetings, so favorably known over the whole country. 

" The statistics were kindly furnished by Frederic Amory, Esq., of 
Boston, the treasurer of the Jackson Company. 

" The cost of labor, the number of operatives, and the average of 
wages paid in each department could not be ascertained for the six 
months in 1838, and of course are omitted for the six months in 1876. 

" As the reduction in the cost of labor and the number of opera- 
tives employed does not appear to be as great at the Jackson Com- 
pany as at the Boott Cotton Mills, it is but fair to remark that the 
Jackson Company continue to use the flier and dead-spindle throstle 
for spinning (most of it the same as when the mill was started), and 
have not until recently substituted ' slashers ' for the old-style ' dress- 
er ' in sizing the warp yarn. 

" My purpose is to show what progress has been made as regards 
the labor-cost of making drillings and standard sheetings from 1838 
to the present time. Although the comparison is made on No. 14 
yams, yet I think an equally favorable result would be found on finer 
numbers, say as fine as No. 30. 

" As regards prices for labor, we know that is always affected by 
the demand and supply of labor. Wages are now greater than they 
were thirty-eight years ago, but not as large as within the past few 
years. 

" The wages as given at the Boott Cotton Mills, after deducting 



100 

the prices paid for board by males and females, show at the present 
time an increase in the wages of males (overseers are not included) of 
sixteen and one half cents per day, and of females of eighty-nine cents 
per week, more than the net wages received by them in 1838, or an 
increase of 40 per cent, for males and 47 per cent, for females. 

" At the Boott Cotton Mills the labor-cost on drillings is 1.94 cent 
per pound less in 1876 than in 1838, and is distributed as follows : 

Less in card room SGl'J cent. 

" in spinning room 3722 " 

" in dressing room 5319 " 

" in weaving room 6*744 " 

1.9402 " 

" But a greater difference appears in the amount of cloth produced 
by each operative. This is shown by the fact that at the Boott Cot- 
ton Mills one hour's work by each person gives 3.33 pounds of cloth 
in 1876 and but 1.012 pound in 1838. 

"At the Jackson Company, in 1876, one hour's work gave per 
hand 2.275 pounds of cloth, and in 1838 but .9852 pound. I presume 
the records of other mills would show equally well. 

" How has this improvement been obtained ? I will specify a few 
of the changes that have taken place since 1838, as they appear from 
my observation : 

" First. Larger mills, with better oj^portunity for arranging ma- 
chinery to economize labor. The size of cotton mills, as established 
at Lowell forty years ago, was 6,144 spindles for No. 14s and about 
8,500 spindles for No. 30s, and the machinery for weaving the yarn 
into cloth. At this time a 20,000 spindle mill is a moderate size, and 
we have them of 50,000 sj)indles, or even more. 

" Second. Improvements in the construction and workmanship of 
machinery and many important inventions and attachments to save 
labor and perfect work. I will note but some of the principal ones : 
The Wellman Top Card Stripper, the use of lap-heads (so called) 
where double carding is practiced, eveners on railway-heads, the stop- 
motion on drawing-frames, great improvements on mules, the intro- 
duction of the ring and traveler spinning-frames, also of the ' slasher ' 
for sizing yarn, and the filling stop-motion on the loom. These are 
but few of many improvements familiar to all of us. 

" Third. The number of looms a weaver is now able to tend has 
more than doubled. In 1838 two looms to a weaver was the rule, 
though there were cases of three or more being tended by one person. 
Now the practice is for four to six and even eight looms to be run by 



101 

one weaver. At the Boott Mills 34 weavers tend 194 looms ; and, if 
tAvo of the 34 are "room girls," then 194 by 32 would give a trifle 
more than six looms to a weaver. 

" Fourth, The reduction of at least one half of the piecings in the 
progress of the cotton from the bale to the cloth. We now make 
longer laps and use larger cans for the drawing-sliver ; by improve- 
ments on fly-frames and on speeders, we double at least the length of 
roving laid on a bobbin, and thus enable a spinner to tend more spin- 
dles. We double the length of yarn wound on a quill or bobbin ; we 
wind three times as much weight of yarn on a ' section ' or ' slasher ' 
beam, and we double at least the number of cuts or pieces on the warp 
beam for the loom. 

" These are the principal changes that occur to me as having op- 
erated to increase so largely the amount of cloth made by each per- 
son employed. They are the result of the experience and persistent 
labor of many years, have been of slow growth, and obtained by a little 
here and a little there. 

" I might give another reason for the progress made, especially 
within the last fifteen or twenty years. We are more sensible of the 
advantage of keeping well informed and ' posted ' in whatever relates 
to economy in cost of production, and for that object there is now a 
greater interchange of information of what is being done in our mills 
than was formerly the custom. 

" This association is an important aid in that direction, and now, 
in the eleventh year of a flourishing and I hope permanent existence, 
is carrying out the purpose set forth in the preamble to its constitu- 
tion, viz. : ' Promoting a more intimate acquaintance with each other, 
and collecting and imparting information as to the best methods of 
manufacturing cotton.' " 



102 



APPENDIX B. 

LETTER FROM AZA ARNOLD TO THE CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE ON 
PATENTS, UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

" Washington, September 6, 1861. 

" Hon. Elisha Dyer, Chairman, etc.: We are informed that the 
differential speeder is claimed by Mr. Appleton as a Waltham 
invention. But the author of Waltham inventions made no such 
claim. No improvement on cotton machinery appears to have been 
made at Waltham, up to 1826, except by Paul Moody ; he was chief 
mechanician of Waltham, and claimed to be the inventor of the 
Waltham speeder ; he claimed eight improvements on the machine, 
but they proved not to be new. Jonathan Fisk also built the same 
kind (Waltham speeder) at Medway, and took five patents on the 
machine. William Hines, of Coventry, R. I., had made imjirovements 
on the speeder and patented before them. And it is remarkable that 
the parts claimed by Moody are the identical parts which are super- 
seded by my compound motion, and were never used in a differential 
speeder. I shall refer to the case of Moody vs. Fisk in a future 
page, to show that Moody's claim jaroves the Waltham speeder to be 
essentially different. Paul Moody took charge of the Lowell establish- 
ments, and Jonathan Fisk took charge of the Dover factory. And I 
shall show that neither Moody nor Fisk knew any method of compound- 
ing two different motions, and producing their differential, for four 
years after I had the machine in operation. I was well acquainted 
with Moody, saw his machines, and considered that he improved the 
speeder by adopting the long flier ; but the long flier was invented 
by Asa Gilson, at Dorchester. I have used both Hine's and Fisk's 
speeders, .and well remember the difference. 

" If I exhibit a little egotism in this reminiscence, you will excuse it 
when you consider the local prejudice that was exercised against my 
machine as a Rhode Island invention. I invented the differential 
speeder, and put it in operation in 1822, at South Kingstown, and it 
was soon in operation at Coventry, Scituate, Pomfret, and a dozen other 
places, but for three or four years it was discountenanced at Waltham, 



103 

and Lowell, the Waltham speeder being exclusively used in both 
places until I had constructed and put in operation the Great Falls 
factory, at Somers worth, N. H., which actually produced 30 per cent, 
more goods per week than the Waltham or Lowell factories had pro- 
duced, of equal quality. This brought down the directors of the 
Lowell factories to our place at Somersworth, to inquire into the cause 
of so great a difference. It brought also Mr. Moody, their engineer, 
and Mr. George Brownell, the foreman of the Lowell machine shop ; 
they also sent the celebrated mathematician, Warren Colburn, to see 
if our calculation was correct. I had the pleasure of exhibiting and 
explaining all the minutiae of the Rhode Island invention a third time, 
and the result was that Mi-. Colburn told Moody that it was mathe- 
matically correct, and that it was the only plan that he had heard of by 
which the machine could be made adjustable to all sizes of ropings. 
We notice the case Moody vs. Fisk (2 Mason Rep., 112), tried at 
Boston, October term, 1820, In the defense, it was proved that the 
improvements claimed by Moody were not new, neither were they 
invented at Waltham. William Hines, of Coventry, had made 
improvements on the speeder, and patented in February, 1819, pre- 
vious to Moody's date. Moody's patent was vacated for want of 
novelty. The object of referring to it is to show that Moody's claim 
proves the Waltham speeder to be a different machine from the dif- 
ferential speeder. In summing up his claims, he says : ^^ First, I 
claim the position of the rolls. Second, the two upper cones. Tliird, 
the method of moving the belt on the two lower cones, and that of 
communicating motion from the lower cones to the spindles, and all the 
mechanism and method of communicating motion, from the upper driven 
cone to the arbors or axles of the endless screws, and perpendicular 
racks or screws that raise, and the spindle rail. Fifth, I claim the 
method and machinery by which the said motion communicated to 
the spindle raW is changed from an ascending to a descending motion, 
and the manner of connecting the same with the wagon carriage. 
Sixth, the wagon and the wagon carriage, gallows frame, catch wheel, 
the cycloid cam, slide lever and pulley shaft, which raises the belt on 
the upper cones, and all the similar parts that raise the belt on the 
lower cones (except the cycloid, or cycloid cam), with all the parts, 
movements, and mechanism connected with the same. Seventh, the 
flier tubes, and method of applying and using them. Eighth, the 
rotary motion of the cams, and the intermediate gear work. ' And 
further, I claim that these my inventions are applicable, not only to 
this machine which is adapted to one size of roping, but may be pro- 
portioned and applied to the making of any other kind of roping." 
So, by his own showing, the Waltham speeder makes but one size of 



104 

roping. It is proper to remark that my compounding wheels super- 
sede all the second pair of cones, cycloid cams, the cycloid racks, the 
second cone belt, and the method of moving the belt, which required 
to be brought up by ratchets and catches, with teeth of different 
lengths, graduated to suit one size of roping, and which could not be 
used to make a different grade of roping, finer or coarser, but require 
another set of parts graduated differently to suit any other size of 
roping, and this proportioning and adjusting of the machinery was 
required at each change from fine to coarse, or from coarse to fine. 
The object of my inventing the differential speeder was to do away 
with the intricate construction, and to simplify and extend the use of 
the machine, so that one set of gears can be adjusted to each and every 
size of roping by merely changing the pinions. When Mr. Moody 
came to me for an explanation of my invention, we had a free and 
full discussion of its parts and properties. I I'emarked to him that the 
exact difference between the retarding motion and a certain uniform 
motion would be always right for the accelerating motion. He seemed 
not to recognize the fact, and spoke doubtfully of it ; I then remarked 
that the same cause that required the graduating of one, required the 
graduation of the other, for both depend on the diameter of the 
roping. Therefore, I take the advantage of using this differential for 
the accelerated motion, rather than to use another pair of cones and 
belt fixtures ; but I have another more important advantage by so 
doing, that is, whenever it is required to alter one graduation, the 
other always keeps right along with it ; whatever may be the rate of 
change required, these motions are always reciprocal to each other. 
Therefore, I use a rack with equal teeth for moving the belt, and 
move it by a pinion of any requisite number of teeth, so as to adapt 
the same machine to any size of roping by merely changing the 
pinions. 

" Up to this time, the differential speeder had not been seen at 
Waltham or Lowell, neither had the authors of Waltham inventions 
taken the pains to investigate its merits. But after this, I had a 
cordial and good understanding with both Moody and Fisk, I have 
subsequently been informed by Mr, George Brownell that, soon after 
this interview, they commenced making my kind of gears at Lowell, and 
not only built my kind of speeders, but also took up their Waltham 
speeders, and geared them over, and converted them into differential 
speeders, by putting in my compound motion. This is a historical 
fact of some significance ; George Brownell, I think, is still living at 
Lowell, and will confirm these remarks ; James Dennis, Gideon C. 
Smith, and Daniel Osborn, who were with us at Somersworth, may, 
perhaps, recollect some of the circumstances. While on the subject 



105 

we may remark further that the speeder (fly frame) had been used 
in England, but the compound motion or differential had never been 
applied to an English machine, until Charles Richmond carried to 
England a model of my wheels (unbeknown to me). He was there in 
1824-5, when IMi-. Houldsworth took up the subject of improving the 
fly frame. Dr. Ure informs us that Houldsworth applied the differen- 
tial system and patented it in 1826 ; that is, three years, after the date 
of my patent. It was not requisite for him to claim it as his orig- 
inal invention. I have been informed, through a former partner of 
Charles Richmond, that the model which he carried to England was 
made in Taunton, and was sold in England, and had since been 
patented there. We said that J. Fisk did not understand producing 
and using the differential motion until three years after we had the 
machine in operation. It happened that J. Cowing, in describing my 
speeder, told Fisk that it had but one pair of cones, and one cone belt. 
Fisk remarked, then it could not work. Cowing replied, "but it 
appears to work right well, and makes more roping than the Waltham 
speeder." Mr. Fisk then entered into argument, saying, " It is impos- 
sible to produce both graduations by one pair of cones and one belt, 
because, while one is a retarding motion to vibrate the spindle rail, the 
other requires to be an accelerated motion for the winding up." So it 
was evident that he did not understand it, or he would not have made 
this assertion. If my differential speeder had ever been supposed to 
have been a Waltham invention, we should have heard of it during my 
three years' contest with six corporations of Lowell, yet not a word of 
any such claim was offered, but, on the contrary, they tacitly acknowl- 
edged my right to the invention ; and after having the law repealed, 
thereby defeating my first claims up to that time, they then gave me 
$3,500 for the right to use the same for the last year of the term of 
my patent. And this they did after searching all the evidence that 
could be found against my claim. Mr. Lyman, of Boston, who acted 
as their agent, who paid me the money and received the license for 
them, told me they found no evidence against it. Few readers will 
take the trouble to understand the specific difference between two 
complex machines ; but when one mode of operation enables the manu- 
facturer to produce twenty per cent, more goods, with the same cost 
of labor than has before been done, it becomes of national impor- 
tance. Dr. Ure well remarks that, since the differential system has 
been adopted, manufacturers have been able to produce a better article 
at a less cost, and have thereby increased the trade. 
" I am, dear Sir, most respectfully, 

" Your friend and servant, 

"AzA Arnold." 



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